The DOI matches its Crossref record; 242 of the 242 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Neurogenetics and Epigenetics in Impulsive Behaviour: Impact on Reward Circuitry
Open accessAbstract
Adverse, unfavourable life conditions, particularly during early life stages and infancy, can lead to epigenetic regulation of genes involved in stress-response, behavioral disinhibition, and cognitive-emotional systems. Over time, the ultimate final outcome can be expressed through behaviors bedeviled by problems with impulse control, such as eating disorders, alcoholism, and indiscriminate social behavior. While many reward gene polymorphisms are involved in impulsive behaviors, a polymorphism by itself may not translate to the development of a particular behavioral disorder unless it is impacted by epigenetic effects. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) affects the development and integrity of the noradrenergic, dopaminergic, serotonergic, glutamatergic, and cholinergic neurotransmitter systems, and plasma levels of the neurotrophin are associated with both cognitive and aggressive impulsiveness. Epigenetic mechanisms associated with a multitude of environmental factors, including premature birth, low birth weight, prenatal tobacco exposure, non-intact family, young maternal age at birth of the target child, paternal history of antisocial behavior, and maternal depression, alter the developmental trajectories for several neuropsychiatric disorders. These mechanisms affect brain development and integrity at several levels that determine structure and function in resolving the final behavioral expressions.
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“Adolescence is a key period of vulnerability for addiction, during which environmental exposures can epigenetically activate or suppress inherited risk factors.”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [73]
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“Early-life adversity, such as low birth weight, maternal depression, or family instability, can epigenetically regulate genes involved in behavioral inhibition, stress response, and cognitive control, contributing to the emergence of reward deficiency syndromes (RDS).”
From Beyond Stigma–Integrating Neurobiology, Genetics, and Awareness Integration Theory in Addiction Recovery (2026) · cites this paper as [73]
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Cites
Effects of stress throughout the lifespan on the brain, behaviour and cognition
Lupien, S. J., McEwen, B. S., Gunnar, M. R., & Heim, C. (2009) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2639 · Cited by 6,256
Epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor in human brain associates with childhood abuse
McGowan, P. O., Sasaki, A., D'Alessio, A. C., Dymov, S., Labonté, B., Szyf, M., Turecki, G., & Meaney, M. J. (2009) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2270 · Cited by 3,531
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Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications
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Environmental epigenomics and disease susceptibility
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Emotion, regulation, and moral development
Eisenberg, N. (2000) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.51.1.665 · Cited by 2,422
Stability and flexibility of epigenetic gene regulation in mammalian development
Reik, W. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05918 · Cited by 1,963 · cited 1×
“In other words, nongenetic factors induce the genes to “express themselves” differently [3].”
BackgroundLearning induces long-term potentiation in the hippocampus
Whitlock, J. R., Heynen, A. J., Shuler, M. G., & Bear, M. F. (2006) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1128134 · Cited by 1,913
An operational definition of epigenetics: Figure 1.Preprint
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Research works printed but not linked: 1
- [6]Archer T Blum K 2011 Epigenetics in neuropsychiatry 1 CRC Press
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The Molecular Neurobiology of Twelve Steps Program & Fellowship: Connecting the Dots for Recovery
Blum, K., Thompson, B., Demotrovics, Z., Femino, J., Giordano, J., Oscar-Berman, M., Teitelbaum, S., Smith, D. E., Roy, A. K., Agan, G., et al. (2015) · Journal of Reward Deficiency Syndrome · doi:10.17756/jrds.2015-008 · Cited by 73
Self-citationSales, A. J., & Joca, S. R. L. (2016) · Acta Neuropsychiatrica · doi:10.1017/neu.2015.40 · Cited by 62
Michels, N. (2019) · Nutrition Research Reviews · doi:10.1017/s0954422419000143 · Cited by 35
Blum, K., Bowirrat, A., Baron, D., Elman, I., Makale, M. T., Cadet, J. L., Thanos, P. K., Hanna, C., Ahmed, R., Gondre-Lewis, M. C., et al. (2024) · Gene & Protein in Disease · doi:10.36922/gpd.1966 · Cited by 14
Self-citationBlum, K., Gold, M., Jafari, N., Lewandrowski, K.-U., Sharafshah, A., Mohankumar, K., Lorio, M., Bowirrat, A., Pinhasov, A., Thanos, K., et al. (2026) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s561157 · Cited by 1
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Metadata
- Authors
- Archer, T., & Blum, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Gothenburg (SE)
- University of Florida (US)
- ORCID
- Blum, Kenneth
- Venue
- Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy
- Publisher
- OMICS Publishing Group
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 03
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 1000115-1000115
- ISSN
- 2157-7412 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3526005
- OpenAlex
- W2168197239
- Cited by
- 54
- References
- 242
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 2.90
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Genetic Syndromes & Gene Therapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01AA007112, K05AA000219)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Keywords
- impulsivity, epigenetics, neurogenetics, reward systems, brain-derived neurotrophic factor, genetic polymorphism, childhood adversity, stress response, aggression, eating disorders, alcoholism, social behavior, brain development, neurotransmitter systems, maternal depression, prenatal tobacco exposure, low birth weight, preterm birth
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