Biological underpinnings from psychosocial stress towards appetite and obesity during youth: research implications towards metagenomics, epigenomics and metabolomics
Abstract
Psychosocial stress, uncontrolled eating and obesity are three interrelated epidemiological phenomena already present during youth. This broad narrative conceptual review summarises main biological underpinnings of the stress–diet–obesity pathway and how new techniques can further knowledge. Cortisol seems the main biological factor from stress towards central adiposity; and diet, physical activity and sleep are the main behavioural pathways. Within stress–diet, the concepts of comfort food and emotional eating are highlighted, as cortisol affects reward pathways and appetite brain centres with a role for insulin, leptin, neuropeptide Y (NPY), endocannabinoids, orexin and gastrointestinal hormones. More recently researched biological underpinnings are microbiota, epigenetic modifications and metabolites. First, the gut microbiota reaches the stress-regulating and appetite-regulating brain centres via the gut–brain axis. Second, epigenetic analyses are recommended as diet, obesity, stress and gut microbiota can change gene expression which then affects appetite, energy homeostasis and stress reactivity. Finally, metabolomics would be a good technique to disentangle stress–diet–obesity interactions as multiple biological pathways are involved. Saliva might be an ideal biological matrix as it allows metagenomic (oral microbiota), epigenomic and metabolomic analyses. In conclusion, stress and diet/obesity research should be combined in interdisciplinary collaborations with implementation of several -omics analyses.
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The vagus nerve has been identified as an important physiological stress pathway linked to gut microbiota.
“The vagus nerve (part of the autonomic nervous system) has been identified as an important physiological stress pathway linked to gut microbiota [165].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [165]
The most direct physiological pathway is dominated by cortisol, which stimulates fat storage and changes dietary behavior through increased reward sensitivity and increased appetite.
“The most direct physiological pathway is dominated by cortisol, which stimulates fat storage and changes dietary behavior through increased reward sensitivity (DA and opioid systems) and increased appetite (arcuate nucleus in the hypothalamus) [165].”
From Food Addiction and Psychosocial Adversity: Biological Embedding, Contextual Factors, and Public Health Implications (2020) · cites this paper as [165]
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Wiss, D. A., Avena, N., & Gold, M. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12113521 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
An industrialized diet as a determinant of methylation in the 1F region of the NR3C1 gene promoter
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- Authors
- Michels, N.
- Affiliations
- Ghent University (BE)
- Corresponding author
- Michels, Nathalie
- ORCID
- Michels, Nathalie
- Venue
- Nutrition Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-07-12
- Volume
- 32
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 282-293
- ISSN
- 0954-4224 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2700
- OpenAlex
- W2957696109
- Semantic Scholar
- 6b88bcfda9ac5461e9becef5917cc60e240f0620
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 139
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7
- FWCI
- 0.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Nutrition Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Ghent University Academic Bibliography (Ghent University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Keywords
- psychosocial stress, appetite, obesity, youth, cortisol, abdominal obesity, comfort food, emotional eating, gut microbiota, gut-brain axis, epigenetics, metabolomics, saliva, oral microbiota, neuropeptide Y, endocannabinoids, orexin, leptin, insulin, energy homeostasis, stress reactivity, physical activity, sleep
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adolescent, Appetite, Behavior, Child, Child, Preschool, Diet, Eating, Feeding Behavior, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Stress, Psychological, Exercise, Metabolomics, Metagenomics, Epigenomics, Pediatric Obesity
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