Evaluation of Marketed Rosemary Essential Oils (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) in Terms of European Pharmacopoeia 10.0 Criteria
Open accessAbstract
Objectives: Various pure rosemary essential oil containing commercial products are in demand for their health-promoting and cosmetic claims in Türkiye. Although they are natural and harmless, they should be in compliance with European Pharmacopoeia (EP) criteria. Therefore, in this study, 15 rosemary oil samples sold in pharmacies, herbal shops, and online platforms in Türkiye were investigated in terms of "Rosemary Oil" EP 10.0. monograph criteria. In the current study, we aimed to evaluate the current quality status of rosemary essential oils in the Turkish market. Materials and Methods: Appearance, fatty oils and resinified essential oils, relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value tests were performed according to EP 10.0 and compared with the given standards. In addition, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis were conducted on all samples for advanced understanding of their phytochemical profile and harmony with EP standards. Results: GC-MS analysis. Results demonstrated that none of the samples from the Turkish rosemary essential oil market fully complied with the EP rosemary oil monograph standards. Conclusion: Considering our data, it was revealed that enhanced regulations and auditing mechanisms are needed to improve the quality of products. When the difference between the sources of purchase is assessed, pharmacies are still better locations to obtain such products.
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Claims the paper makes
3 of 20 cited sources checked · 3 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
Only samples P4, A5, and A10 had acid values within the acceptable range.
“only three samples calculated (P4, A5, and A10) were in acceptable range after triple measurement.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
Only samples P4 and P5 declared the oil's chemotype on their labels.
“only samples P4 and P5 indicated the chemotype of the oil in the label.”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“only two of the evaluated products (P4 and P5) contain a label that indicates the chemotype of the ingredient”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
- Findingown data§ Abstract
GC-MS analysis identified between 83.1% and 96.9% of the constituents in every sample.
“83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients of all samples were determined via GC-MS analysis.”
- Also stated in: § TLC analysis · plain
“where 83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients were determined for all samples.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § TLC analysis · plain
- Findingown data§ Abstract
None of the fifteen rosemary essential oil products from the Turkish market met all criteria of the EP 10.0 rosemary oil monograph.
“Results demonstrated that none of the samples from the Turkish rosemary essential oil market fully complied with the EP rosemary oil monograph standards.”
- Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain
“results revealed that none of the samples was in full compliance with the monograph.”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“None of the samples was entirely fitting with the monograph requirements.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § CONCLUSION · plain
- Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
A6 oil lacks limonene.
“However, limonene is absent in the oil”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- Findingown data§ RESULTS
Samples P3, A1, A2, and A4 left a residue on filter paper after drying, which indicated non-volatile ingredients.
“P3, A1, A2, and A4 samples exhibited a remaining spot in the filter paper, which indicates the presence of non-volatile ingredients”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · boosted
“Four of the samples left clear stains in the filter paper (P3, A1, A2, and A4), which indicate that non-volatile principles are present in products and therefore failed to fulfill the parameter.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · boosted
- Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
Only samples P3, A6, and A8 had relative density within the specified range.
“only three of the studied samples (P3, A6, and A8) were measured in the specified range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ RESULTS
The appearance of all samples matched the EP 10.0 requirements.
“Results exhibited that appearance properties of all the samples were compatible with EP”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“Results displayed that all the samples were coherent with the properties stated in the monograph.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
- Findingown data§ CONCLUSION
When compliance was compared by purchase location, pharmacy products were slightly better than those from other sales channels.
“When the compliance rate was compared with purchase location, products from pharmacies were found to be slightly better than those from other sales channels.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
10 of the 15 samples met the pharmacopoeia criteria for α-pinene.
“Even though there is a significant variation between samples, 10 of 15 were concordant with the pharmacopeia criteria.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
P4 and A7 matched only two components.
“It is followed by P4 and A7, which are congruent with only two components (Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
Relative density and acid value tests produced the most non-compliant results among the tests.
“Relative density and acid value tests exhibited the most improper results amongst others.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10
The α-pinene content of the samples ranged widely from 4.58% to 33.3%.
“α-pinene contents of the samples are highly varied, between 4.58-33.3%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ Relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value
EP 10.0 sets the acid value of rosemary oil below 1.0.
“the acid value must be lower than 1.0.”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“For rosemary oil, I A is limited to maximum 1.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
- Premisecitation§ Relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value
EP 10.0 sets the relative density of rosemary oil between 0.895 and 0.920.
“According to EP 10.0 standards, the relative density value for rosemary oil should be between 0.895 and 0.920”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“Pharmacopoeia stated the relative density range for rosemary oil as 0.895 to 0.920”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
- Premisecitation§ Relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid value
EP 10.0 sets the optical rotation of rosemary oil between -5° and +8°.
“-5° and 8° for optical rotation”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“optical rotation value must be between -5° and +8° for rosemary oil.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
- Premisenone given§ INTRODUCTION
A literature survey found a lack of studies on the quality of R. officinalis products in the market based on the EP rosemary oil monograph.
“a literature survey revealed that there is a lack of studies investigating quality situation of R. officinalis products on the market based on the rosemary oil monograph in the EP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10
The pharmacopoeia lists 12 monoterpenoid compounds as requirements for the Spanish type.
“There are 12 monoterpenoid compounds that were mentioned and indicated as a requirement in the pharmacopeia for the Spanish type.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationcitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10
The absence of limonene could lower the potential health benefits of R. officinalis essential oil.
“Absence of limonene may reduce possible health benefits of R. officinalis essential oil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [16] 16. Ozcan MM, Chalchat JC. Chemical composition and antifungal activity of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) oil from Turkey. Int J Food Sci Nutr. 2008;59:691-698. source
- Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10
Previous studies on Hibiscus, Eucalyptus, and Alchemilla samples from the Turkish market showed quality problems in drugs sold freely for medicinal use.
“Previous studies on the evaluation of Hibiscus sabdariffa L., Eucalyptus L'Her, and Alchemilla L. samples collected from the Turkish market for their consistency with EP are examples on that manner.[8][9][10] All studies demonstrated complications on the quality of the drugs that are freely sold in the market for medicinal purposes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked- cites [8] 8. Pesen Özdoğan F, Orhan N, Ergun F. Studies on the conformity of Hibiscus sabdariffa L. samples from Turkish market to European Pharmacopeia. FABAD J Pharm Sci. 2011;36:25-32.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [9] 9. Tombul AG, Orhan N, Sezik E, Ergun F. Morphologic, anatomical, and chromatographic studies on Eucalyptus (L'Hér.) samples from the market. FABAD J Pharm Sci. 2012;37:79-87.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites [10] 10. Renda G, Tevek F, Korkmaz B, Yaylı N. Comparison of the Alchemilla L. samples from Turkish Herbal Market with the European Pharmacopoeia 8.0. Fabad J Pharm Sci. 2017;42:167-177.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10
EP requires rosemary oil to contain at least 1.5% limonene.
“which is required to contain a minimum of 1.5% according to EP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 8
- May combine two claims. 16
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10Nearly all almond and safflower oil samples from the Turkish market were reported to lack quality according to EP criteria.
“Nearly all of the almond and safflower oil samples from the Turkish market were reported as lacking quality in terms of EP criteria.11,12”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked- cites [11] 11. Berkkan A, Dede Türk BN, Pekacar S, Ulutaş OK, Deliorman Orhan D. Evaluation of marketed almond oils [Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A. Webb] in terms of European Pharmacopoeia Criteria. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2022;19:322-329. source
- cites [12] 12. Deliorman Orhan D, Pekacar S, Ulutaş OK, Özüpek B, Sümmeoğlu D, Berkkan A. Assessment of commercially safflower oils (Carthami Oleum Raffinatum) in terms of European Pharmacopoeia Criteria and their weight control potentials. Turk J Pharm Sci. 2022;19:273-279. source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10Some researchers found no limonene in rosemary oil samples from different locations.
“However, some researchers determined absence of limonene in rosemary oil samples from different locations.18,19”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites [18] 18. Sharma Y, Schaefer J, Streicher C, Stimson J, Fagan J. Qualitative analysis of essential oil from French and Italian varieties of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) grown in the Midwestern United States. Anal Chem Lett. 2020;10:104-112. source
- cites [19] 19. Jardak M, Elloumi-Mseddi J, Aifa S, Mnif S. Chemical composition, anti-biofilm activity and potential cytotoxic effect on cancer cells of Rosmarinus officinalis L. essential oil from Tunisia. Lipids Health Dis. 2017;16:190. source
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10A6 had slightly lower cineole and slightly higher p-cymene than expected.
“Cineole content of A6 sample is slightly lower than expected, while p-cymene content is slightly higher.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10A6 was the sample most consistent with the Moroccan/Tunisian GC profile, with 9 of 12 required ingredients matching the monograph.
“A6 was determined as the most coherent sample with GC profile given in monograph for Moroccon/Tunisian type, 9 of the ingredients out of 12 requirements for these samples were consistent with the monograph.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10All pharmacy samples had refractive index within the accepted range, while three samples from other sources (A1, A4, A9) were outside it.
“All samples from pharmacies displayed refractive index in the accepted range; however, three samples from other sources (A1, A4, and A9) were found to be out of range.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingnone given§ AbstractEvery sample was registered as a cosmetic product in Türkiye through the Ministry of Health.
“All of the samples were licensed as cosmetic products in Türkiye via the Ministry of Health.”
- Also stated in: § Materials · plain
“All products are registered as cosmetics by the Turkish Ministry of Health.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § Materials · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10Only sample P5 fell outside the optical rotation range; all other samples met the pharmacopoeia requirement.
“Results indicated that only one sample (P5) was out of the range and all other samples fulfilled the requirements of the pharmacopeia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10All pharmacy samples passed the TLC test, whereas four of ten samples from other sources (A2, A3, A7, A8) failed the TLC requirements.
“Results of the TLC test indicate that all the samples from pharmacies passed the test; in contrast, four of ten samples obtained from sales sources other than pharmacies (A2, A3, A7, and A8) failed to compensate for the TLC test requirements stated in EP.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10Cineole is the major component of both chemotypes; only A2 had enough cineole (44.7%) to meet the Moroccan/Tunisian criteria, while all other samples had cineole between 8.4% and 36.2%.
“Cineole is the major ingredient of both chemotypes; however, only A2 sample was measured to contain sufficient cineole to meet the criteria of Moroccon/Tunusian type with 44.7%, all other samples had cineole content between 8.4 and 36.2%.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10Limonene content was the parameter most often outside the EP requirement, with only 3 samples fitting it.
“Limonene contents of the samples were most out of reach parameter, only 3 of the samples fitted with EP requirement”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10Samples A1, A2, and A4 had limonene contents within limits, at 3%, 3.17%, and 2.99%, respectively.
“A1, A2, and A4-coded samples were found convenient with limits, 3, 3.17, and 2.99%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10Nine samples contained no limonene at all, and three samples exceeded the upper limit.
“Results showed that 9 of the samples do not contain limonene at all, while 3 of the samples contain greater than the upper limit.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10A2 had 8 positive results, followed by P1, P2, and A8 with 7 positive results.
“A2 followed A6 with 8 positive results and P1, P2, and A8 were measured with 7 positive results.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown data§ A7 A8 A9 A10A9 was the most out-of-spec sample, matching only one ingredient of the GC profile requirements.
“A9 was designated as most out of spec sample consistent with only one ingredient of the GC profile requirements.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
Premisecitation§ Relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid valueEP 10.0 sets the refractive index of rosemary oil between 1.464 and 1.473.
“1.464 and 1.473 for refractive index”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · hedged
“the monograph indicates that the refractive index of rosemary oil must be between 1.464 and 1.473.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · hedged
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown data§ Relative density, refractive index, optical rotation, and acid valueAll experiments were run in triplicate, and results were reported as average with standard deviation.
“All experiments were conducted in triplicate and results were given with average and standard deviation (SD).”
- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
“All test were done in triplicate and results were given in average ± standard deviation (SD)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Also stated in: § A7 A8 A9 A10 · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10R. officinalis has several chemotypes that are strongly influenced by geography.
“R. officinalis is one of these species that has been detected for several different chemotypes highly affected from geographical impacts.15”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [15] 15. Chalchat, JC, Garry RP, Michet A, Benjilali B, Chabart JL. Essential oils of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The chemical composition of oils of various origins (Morocco, Spain, France). J Essent Oil Res. 1993;5:613-618. source
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10For the Spanish type, α-pinene and cineole are major components with ranges of 18-26% and 16-25%, respectively.
“α-Pinene and cineole are determined as major components with the range of 18-26% and 16-25%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ CONCLUSIONEP 10.0 describes two chemotypes of rosemary oil.
“EP 10 . 0 mentions two different chemotypes of rosemary oil.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10EP requires limonene content of 2.5-5% for the Spanish type and 1.5-4% for the Moroccan/Tunisian type.
“Spanish and Moroccon/Tunisian types need to be 2.5-5% and 1.5-4%, respectively.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Premisecitation§ A7 A8 A9 A10For the Moroccan/Tunisian type, cineole is the dominant major ingredient at 38-55%, and α-pinene is 9-14%.
“For the Moroccon/Tunisian type, cineole is determined as the dominant major ingredient in the range between 38 and 55%, while α-pinene content was determined between 9 and 14%.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [5] 5. EDQM. European Pharmacopoeia, 10 th ed.; EDQM: Strasbourg, France, 2019.
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitation§ GC-MS analysisGC-MS component identification used retention index comparison against n-alkanes, relative retention times with authentic samples, and mass spectra from NIST14 and Wiley7 libraries and MS literature.
“Identification of the essential oil components was completed by comparison of their RRI calculated against n-alkanes and relative retention times with those of authentic samples and mass spectra obtained from NIST14 and Wiley7 mass spectra libraries as well as MS literature data was used for the identification.6”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [6] 6. Abu Zarga MH, Al-Jaber HI, Baba Amer ZY, Sakhrib L, Al-Qudah MA, Al- humaidi JY, Abaza IF, Afifi, FU. Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antitumor activities of essential oil of Ammodaucus leucotrichus growing in Algeria. J Biol Act Prod Nat. 2013;3:224-231. source
The paper relies on this without support.
The 15 samples are an adequate number to represent the Turkish rosemary essential oil market.
“Although there are many more commercial products of rosemary essential oil in the Turkish market, 15 samples were studied to have adequate number.”
The paper relies on this without support.
For samples without chemotype labels, evaluating them against the most proximate chemotype in the monograph is appropriate.
“However, chemotype information was mentioned only two of the samples, whereas other samples were evaluated according to most proximate one in the pharmacopeia.”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Density values differ between the results summary and Table 1
MajorFor the same ordered samples, the results summary gives P2 a density of 0.876 and A1 a density of 0.893; Table 1 instead gives means of 0.79 and 0.74. These differences exceed the precision of the printed values.
“density 0.895 -0.920 0.893 0.876 0.900 0.919 0.945 0.893 0.903 0.901 0.888 0.880 0.920 0.890 0.886 0.889 0.889”
“P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Relative density 0.89 ± 0.02 0.79 ± 0.16 0.90 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.03 0.95 ± 0.10 0.74 ± 0.26 0.90 ± 0.05 0.80 ± 0.17 0.89 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.15 0.92 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01”
Named density-compliant sample falls below the stated range
MajorThe text names A8 as meeting the 0.895-0.920 density range, while Table 1 gives A8 a mean of 0.89. The same table also gives in-range means for P4 and A2, neither of which is named.
“Pharmacopoeia stated the relative density range for rosemary oil as 0.895 to 0.920 and only three of the studied samples (P3, A6, and A8) were measured in the specified range.”
“P1 P2 P3 P4 P5 A1 A2 A3 A4 A5 A6 A7 A8 A9 A10 Relative density 0.89 ± 0.02 0.79 ± 0.16 0.90 ± 0.02 0.92 ± 0.03 0.95 ± 0.10 0.74 ± 0.26 0.90 ± 0.05 0.80 ± 0.17 0.89 ± 0.01 0.79 ± 0.15 0.92 ± 0.03 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01 0.89 ± 0.01”
More than three samples meet the acid-value limit
MajorThe stated maximum is 1, but Table 1 lists nine samples at or below that limit: P4 and A2-A8 and A10. The text names only three.
“For rosemary oil, I A is limited to maximum 1. Parallel to relative density results, only three samples calculated (P4, A5, and A10) were in acceptable range after triple measurement.”
“Acid value 1.40 ± 0.08 2.16 ± 0.20 1.43 ± 0.36 0.45 ± 0.16 1.60 ± 0.12 1.12 ± 0.00 0.45 ± 0.01 0.62 ± 0.08 0.50 ± 0.08 0.34 ± 0.00 0.45 ± 0.00 0.28 ± 0.08 0.69 ± 0.14 1.46 ± 0.00 0.55 ± 0.06”
The reported GC-MS coverage range excludes two table values
MinorThe paper gives 96.9% as the upper end of the identified-component range, but Table 2 reports totals of 97.3% and 98.7%.
“83.1 to 96.9% of the ingredients of all samples were determined via GC-MS analysis.”
“Total (%) 83.1 89.1 83.3 93.6 94.1 92.8 97.3 98.7 90.3 90.4 94.9 95.2 96.9 90.6 86.8”
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BERKKAN, A., DEDE TÜRK, B. N., PEKACAR, S., ULUTAŞ, O. K., & DELİORMAN ORHAN, D. (2022) · Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.4274/tjps.galenos.2021.34101 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Chemical Composition of the Volatile Oil from Aerial Parts ofRosmarinus officinalisL. Growing in UAE
Hudaib, M., Hajal, A. A., & Sakkal, M. (2022) · Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants · doi:10.1080/0972060x.2022.2072177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Huang, M. M., Yiin, C. L., Lock, S. S. M., Chin, B. L. F., Othman, I., Zauzi, N. S. A., & Chan, Y. H. (2025) · Journal of Molecular Liquids · doi:10.1016/j.molliq.2025.127202 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Rafya, M., Zehhar, N., Hafidi, A., et al. (2024) · Industrial Crops and Products · doi:10.1016/j.indcrop.2024.119392 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Pezantes-Orellana, C., Bermúdez, F. G., Montalvo, J. L., Packer, T., & Orellana‐Manzano, A. (2025) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2025.1589691 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Barak, T. H., Eryılmaz, M., Karaca, B., et al. (2025) · Antibiotics · doi:10.3390/antibiotics14020181 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“…peaks shown in FID chromatograms and the identification of the compounds was done by relative retention indices comparison of n-alkane series to the literature and with mass spectra comparison with GC libraries and some of the samples also identified through reference standards [35] (Wiley 8th Ed.”
Self-citationCholinergic cognitive enhancer effect of Salvia triloba L. essential oil inhalation in rats
ERTOSUN, G. B., Ergen, M., Bardakçı, H., Barak, T. H., & Süyen, G. G. (2023) · Marmara medical journal · doi:10.5472/marumj.1368345 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationÜstüner, H., Barak, T. H., Servi, H., et al. (2023) · Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants · doi:10.1080/0972060x.2023.2293960 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationMrabet, A. E., Orche, A. E., Diane, A., et al. (2024) · Vibrational Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.vibspec.2024.103674 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Granda-Santos, M., Reyna-Gonzales, K., Torrejón-Valqui, L., Valle-Epquín, M. G., CAETANO, A. C., Díaz‐Valderrama, J. R., Alayo, E. M. C., Cayo-Colca, I. S., Maicelo, J. L., & Balcázar-Zumaeta, C. R. (2025) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms262311254 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“H modes characteristic of cyclic monoterpenes such as α - and β -pinene, as well as 1,8-cineole [49,50].”
Fakhraei, F., Marouzi, S., Robati, R. Y., Kalalinia, F., & Hashemi, M. (2024) · Environmental Technology & Innovation · doi:10.1016/j.eti.2024.104001 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Barak, T. H., DÖĞENCİ, İ., & Bardakçı, H. (2023) · Journal of Research in Pharmacy · doi:10.29228/jrp.433 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Results revealed that none of the samples have fully met the quality standards of EP, however samples collected from pharmacies have significantly more acceptable profiles [16].”
BackgroundSelf-citationNurjanah, S., Suryadi, E., Thoriq, A., et al. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71205 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Özsoy, E., Barak, T. H., Yörük, E., et al. (2025) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens14040383 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“In addition, in comparison to fungicides, essential oils, as natural products, have various advantages in terms of sustainability, their modes of action, and environmental toxicity [25].”
Self-citationAnticancer Effects of Rosmarinus officinalis Leaf Extract on KB Cell Lines
Pradeep, V., Menaka, S., Suresh, V., et al. (2024) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.54031 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Further, the dispersion and pseudopodial extension of CA-pretreated cells have been observed to be inhibited [11].”
BackgroundAntioxidant and Antibacterial Properties of Rosmarinus officinalis Essential Oil
Hassan, O. M., & Khalil, D. (2024) · Journal of university of Anbar for pure science · doi:10.37652/juaps.2024.146060.1177 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Allouani, M., Hendel, N., Moutassem, D., et al. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30193906 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…aromatic and medicinal plants, including lavender ( La-vandula spp.) [16,17], thyme ( Thymus spp.) [18,19], rosemary ( Rosmarinus officinalis ) [20,21], spearmint ( Mentha spicata ) [22,23], wormwood ( Artemisia spp.) [24,25], and marigold ( Calen-dula officinalis ) [26,27], have been extensively…”
Randomized placebo controlled trial of phytoterpenes in DMSO for the treatment of plantar fasciitis
Burke, B. E., & Baillie, J.-E. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-65979-1 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Cytotoxic activity of root, stem, and flower essential oils from Ferula tenuisecta Korovin
Omirkhanovna, B. M., Servi, H., Barak, T. H., et al. (2025) · GAZI UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF SCIENCE · doi:10.35378/gujs.1521580 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationDuarte, C. R., Grisi, C. V. B., Duarte, A. V., et al. (2026) · Materials Research · doi:10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2025-0429 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Amiri‐Ardekani, E., Radfar, A., Tavakoli-far, F., Farkhondeh, T., Aschner, M., Samini, F., & Samarghandian, S. (2025) · Current Nutrition & Food Science · doi:10.2174/0115734013328720241112032005
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Self-citationSoltanbeigi, E., & Özliman, S. (2026) · International Journal of Agriculture Environment and Food Sciences · doi:10.31015/jaefs.2026.1.13
ÖZTAN, M., Çakmakçı, R., Angın, H., et al. (2026) · Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants · doi:10.1080/0972060x.2026.2680108
Aygüler, C. İ., Ozveren, A., Barak, T. H., et al. (2026) · Pharmaceuticals · doi:10.3390/ph19081229
“Previous studies have demonstrated that the chemical composition of both TV and RO EOs may vary considerably depending on geographical origin, environmental conditions, harvesting period, and extraction methods [27].”
Self-citationŞentürk, T. B., Öztürk, P. S., Barak, T. H., et al. (2026) · Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia · doi:10.1007/s43450-026-00797-2
“& L.M.Perry; and Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Myrtaceae (Orav et al. 2006; Barak et al. 2023a, 2023b, 2024).”
Self-citationAromatic Plant-Based Nanoemulsions in Cosmetics
Aydoğdu, E. Ö. A., Selim, G., Avci, M. K., & Güngör, N. D. (2026) · Smart nanomaterials technology · doi:10.1007/978-981-95-7409-4_14
Akram, S., Brandimarte, B., Basile, G. N., et al. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31193439
Kavi, N., Bayri, İ. Ş., Şentürk, T. B., et al. (2026) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules31193513
Self-citationBayçinar, K. Ö., Peker, E., Şentürk, T. B., & Barak, T. H. (2026) · Journal of Research in Pharmacy · doi:10.12991/jrespharm.1785126
Self-citation
- Authors
- BARAK, T. H., BÖLÜKBAŞ, E., & BARDAKCI, H.
- Affiliations
- Acıbadem University (TR)
- Corresponding author
- BARAK, Timur Hakan
- Venue
- Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Publisher
- Galenos Yayinevi
- Published
- 2023-08-22
- Volume
- 20
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 253-260
- ISSN
- 1304-530X (ISSN-L)
- 2148-6247
- PMC
- PMC10445223
- OpenAlex
- W4309878663
- Cited by
- 29
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 3
- FWCI
- 2.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Locations
- Turkish Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Türkiye Bilimsel ve Teknolojik Araştırma Kurumu (2209 - A)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Essential Oils and Antimicrobial Activity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Pharmaceutical Quality and Counterfeiting
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Phytochemistry Medicinal Plant Applications
- Keywords
- rosemary essential oil, Rosmarinus officinalis, quality control, phytochemical composition, essential oil adulteration, acid value, herbal product quality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-09-28.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-09-28.
Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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