The DOI matches its Crossref record; 77 of the 78 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Meta-Analysis of Food Safety Training on Hand Hygiene Knowledge and Attitudes among Food Handlers
Open accessAbstract
Research has shown that traditional food safety training programs and strategies to promote hand hygiene increases knowledge of the subject. However, very few studies have been conducted to evaluate the impact of food safety training on food handlers' attitudes about good hand hygiene practices. The objective of this meta-analytical study was to assess the extent to which food safety training or intervention strategies increased knowledge of and attitudes about hand hygiene. A systematic review of food safety training articles was conducted. Additional studies were identified from abstracts from food safety conferences and food science education conferences. Search terms included combinations of "food safety," "food hygiene," "training," "education," "hand washing," "hand hygiene," "knowledge," "attitudes," "practices," "behavior," and "food handlers." Only before- and after-training approaches and cohort studies with training (intervention group) and without training (control group) in hand hygiene knowledge and including attitudes in food handlers were evaluated. All pooled analyses were based on a random effects model. Meta-analysis values for nine food safety training and intervention studies on hand hygiene knowledge among food handlers were significantly higher than those of the control (without training), with an effect size (Hedges' g) of 1.284 (95% confidence interval [CI] ∼ 0.830 to 1.738). Meta-analysis of five food safety training and intervention studies in which hand hygiene attitudes and self-reported practices were monitored produced a summary effect size of 0.683 (95% CI ∼ 0.523 to 0.843). Food safety training increased knowledge and improved attitudes about hand hygiene practices. Refresher training and long-term reinforcement of good food handling behaviors may also be beneficial for sustaining good hand washing practices.
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“Considering the summarized effect size, a SMD = 0.28 suggests a moderate effect for the positive attitude of food handlers; this is similar to previous studies [57,58,66].”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Food Safety and Hygiene Training on Food Handlers (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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“However, the only meta-analysis of interventions to train food handlers, found trained handlers had around 30% improvement in knowledge over controls (n = 9 studies) and 70% improvement in practices, but this was based on self-reported practices, which are prone to exaggeration [106].”
From Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries (2015) · cites this paper as [106]
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“This result is consistent with previous studies [58,107], and a significant amount of information is available, so it is probably easier to measure knowledge than attitude or practice.”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Food Safety and Hygiene Training on Food Handlers (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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“Despite the effort made [57,58], further evidence of the effects of training interventions on the knowledge, attitudes and practices toward food safety and hygiene of food handlers from different processes along the food supply chain is needed.”
From A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Food Safety and Hygiene Training on Food Handlers (2020) · cites this paper as [58]
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Cites
Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses
Higgins, J. P. T., Thompson, S. G., Deeks, J. J., & Altman, D. G. (2003) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.327.7414.557 · Cited by 63,139
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Liberati, A., Altman, D. G., Tetzlaff, J., Mulrow, C., Gøtzsche, P. C., Ioannidis, J. P. A., Clarke, M., Devereaux, P. J., Kleijnen, J., & Moher, D. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2009.06.006 · Cited by 10,578
Borenstein, M., Hedges, L. V., Higgins, J. P. T., & Rothstein, H. R. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119558378 · Cited by 9,799
Primary, Secondary, and Meta-Analysis of Research
GLASS, G. V. (1976) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x005010003 · Cited by 4,890 · cited 1×
“The term ‘‘metaanalysis’’ was coined in 1976 in the social science literature (28).”
BackgroundThe Handbook of Research Synthesis and Meta-Analysis
(2019) · doi:10.7758/9781610448864 · Cited by 4,553
Systematic Reviews in Health Care : Meta-Analysis in Context
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Publication and related bias in meta-analysis
Sterne, J. A. C., Gavaghan, D., & Egger, M. (2000) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/s0895-4356(00)00242-0 · Cited by 2,282
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(2001) · doi:10.1002/9780470693926 · Cited by 1,693
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Food Safety in Low and Middle Income Countries
Grace, D. (2015) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph120910490 · Cited by 544
Insfran-Rivarola, A., Tlapa, D., Limon-Romero, J., Baez-Lopez, Y., Miranda-Ackerman, M., Arredondo-Soto, K., & Ontiveros, S. (2020) · Foods · doi:10.3390/foods9091169 · Cited by 160
“This is in accordance with a previous study which found that the most frequently reported settings were restaurants and street food establishments [58].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLin, N., & Roberts, K. R. (2020) · International Journal of Hospitality Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2020.102612 · Cited by 139
Predicting adolescents' safe food handling using an extended theory of planned behavior
Mullan, B. A., Wong, C. L., & Kothe, E. J. (2012) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.10.027 · Cited by 121
The level of food safety knowledge in food establishments in three European countries
Šmigić, N., Djekic, I. V., Martins, M. L., da Rocha, A. M. C. N., Sidiropoulou, N., & Kalogianni, E. P. (2015) · Food Control · doi:10.1016/j.foodcont.2015.11.017 · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- SOON, J. M., BAINES, R., & SEAMAN, P.
- Affiliations
- Universiti Malaysia Kelantan (MY)
- Royal Agricultural University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- SOON, JAN MEI
- ORCID
- SOON, JAN MEI
- Venue
- Journal of Food Protection
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2012-04
- Volume
- 75
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 793-804
- ISSN
- 0362-028X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2328770276
- Cited by
- 127
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 0.83
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Food Protection (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Higher Education, Malaysia
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Food Safety and Hygiene
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Infection Control in Healthcare
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Salmonella and Campylobacter epidemiology
- Keywords
- food safety training, hand hygiene, food handlers, hand washing, knowledge, attitudes, food handler education, refresher training, food handling behavior
- MeSH terms
- Workforce, Food Handling, Food Services, Hand Disinfection, Health Education, Humans, Hygiene, Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice, Personnel Management, Food Safety
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