Iron and zinc enrichments in the northeastern subarctic Pacific: ligand production and zinc availability in response to phytoplankton growth
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Iron- and zinc-enrichment experiments were carried out at Ocean Station Papa in the subarctic North Pacific. In iron-enriched treatments, phytoplankton chlorophyll a (Chl a) increased 20-fold (9.7 µg L−1) above the concentration on day zero. No stimulation of Chl a production or nitrate drawdown was observed on addition of zinc alone compared to the control. In the iron-enriched treatment, bioavailable zinc concentration decreased to 0.2 pmol L−1 lower than that which is known in culture experiments to limit some phytoplankton growth. Theoretical analyses suggest that this zinc concentration would cause diffusion-limited growth of large diatom cells present at the end of the incubation. Direct measurements of zinc-binding ligands indicate that the natural microbial planktonic assemblages have the ability to respond rapidly to conditions of high dissolved zinc concentrations. Rapid ligand production may be a mechanism by which certain phytoplankton reduce zinc toxicity or for maintaining zinc concentrations in the upper water column. Zinc-binding ligands were observed to be both produced and removed on the timescale of 1 d. We suggest that these zinc-binding ligands are produced to assist assimilation, particularly under iron-enriched conditions when concentrations of bioavailable zinc were extremely low, thereby alleviating the effects of zinc limitation.
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Lohan et al. noted that marine phytoplankton appear much more tolerant of low dissolved Zn concentrations than in culture studies.
“In contrast, it was noted more recently by Lohan et al., (2005) that marine phytoplankton appear to be much more tolerant of low dissolved Zn concentrations than in culture studies.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Lohan et al., 2005
Lohan et al. proposed that Zn binding organic ligands may be produced by phytoplankton to facilitate biological uptake and regulate ambient Zn concentrations.
“The authors then went on to propose that Zn binding organic ligands may be produced by phytoplankton in order to facilitate biological uptake, and to regulate ambient Zn concentrations.”
From Trace elements at the intersection of marine biological and geochemical evolution (2016) · cites this paper as Lohan et al., 2005
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Crawford, D. W., Purdie, D. A., Lohan, M. C., Statham, P. J., Peterson, T. D., Kennedy, H. A., Lipsen, M. S., Putland, J. N., & Whitney, F. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Marine Science · doi:10.3389/fmars.2022.933823 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citation(2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-105-rc2
(2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-105-rc1
Eisenring, C. (2022) · Biogeosciences · doi:10.5194/bg-2022-105-ac1
Jia, J., Du, X., Zhao, K., Lu, Y., & Liu, Z. (2025) · Journal of Asian Earth Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2025.106579
- Authors
- Lohan, M. C., Crawford, D. W., Purdie, D. A., & Statham, P. J.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Santa Cruz (US)
- National Oceanography Centre (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lohan, Maeve C.
- Venue
- Limnology and Oceanography
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-09
- Volume
- 50
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1427-1437
- ISSN
- 0024-3590 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2132063904
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 1 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 1 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 2 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Limnology and Oceanography (publishedVersion)
- ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Environment Research Council
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Plant Micronutrient Interactions and Effects
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Aquatic Ecosystems and Phytoplankton Dynamics
- Keywords
- iron limitation, zinc limitation, zinc-binding ligands, phytoplankton growth, chlorophyll a, diatom growth, zinc toxicity, nutrient addition experiments, subarctic North Pacific, Ocean Station Papa, trace metal bioavailability
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