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Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS
Abstract
This book demonstrates how to use multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in the IBM SPSS mixed-effects program (MIXED). Annotated screen shots provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique and navigating the program. Readers learn how to set up, run, and interpret a variety of models. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development to show readers the rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at www.routledge.com/9780415817110. Highlights of the new edition include: Updated throughout to reflect IBM SPSS Version 21. Further coverage of growth trajectories, coding time-related variables, covariance structures, individual change and longitudinal experimental designs (Ch.5). Extended discussion of other types of research designs for examining change (e.g., regression discontinuity, quasi-experimental) over time (Ch.6). New examples specifying multiple latent constructs and parallel growth processes (Ch. 7). Discussion of alternatives for dealing with missing data and the use of sample weights within multilevel data structures (Ch.1). The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and cross-classified data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the basics of multilevel modeling: developing a multilevel model, interpreting output, and trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are presented in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides an illustration of multilevel models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques and issues when conducting multilevel analyses. It's ideal for courses on multilevel and longitudinal modeling, multivariate statistics, and research design taught in education, psychology, business, and sociology.
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“Missing data were handled with a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method (Heck et al., 2013).”
From Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study (2021) · cites this paper as Heck et al., 2013
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A multilevel analysis of the perception and behavior of Europeans regarding climate change
da Silva, F. R., Filho, J. I. B. D. M., Victor, C., et al. (2023) · Environmental Development · doi:10.1016/j.envdev.2023.100861 · Cited by 12
Burbage, A. K., Jia, Y., & Hoang, T. (2023) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-023-04382-2 · Cited by 19
Schwarzer, R., Warner, L., Fleig, L., Gholami, M., Serra-Majem, L., Ngo, J., Cianferotti, L., Kritikou, M., Mossi, P., Ntzani, E., et al. (2018) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1385785 · Cited by 12
Concerted Cultivation and Adolescent Psychopathology over Time-Mediation of Parent-Child Conflict
Leung, J. T. Y. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17249173 · Cited by 14
Spousal Care and Pain Among the Population Aged 65 Years and Older: A European Analysis
Barbosa, F., Matos, A. D., Voss, G., & Costa, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2021.602276 · Cited by 13
Bowers, A. J. (2014) · School Leadership and Management · doi:10.1080/13632434.2014.962500 · Cited by 12
“…school district was represented with eight rows of data, one for each year, and using the nomenclature nominated by Raudenbush and Bryk (2002) and Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2013), the full model used for the analysis here can be written as: Level 1: PI Scoreti ¼ p0i þ p1i YEARti þ eti Level…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWilson, M., Sosa‐Hernandez, L., & Henderson, H. A. (2021) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2021.105257 · Cited by 13
Tromp, P., Pless, A., & Houtman, D. (2021) · Review of Religious Research · doi:10.1007/s13644-021-00479-6 · Cited by 11
“In that case, a single-level analysis conducted at the individual level would suffice (Heck et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotional valence and the types of information provided by children in forensic interviews
Karni‐Visel, Y., Hershkowitz, I., Lamb, M. E., & Blasbalg, U. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105639 · Cited by 11
Liu, J., Yang, X., & Sheng, S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Engineering Management · doi:10.1109/tem.2022.3232584 · Cited by 12
“We used Heck et al.’s [65] approach to determine if hierarchical linear models (HLMs, also called mixed linear models) were needed to deal with the nested data structure.”
MethodInfluentialLim, C. J., Pizarro‐Campagna, E., Havighurst, S. S., Zhang, X., Radovini, A., & Kehoe, C. E. (2023) · Mental Health & Prevention · doi:10.1016/j.mhp.2023.200278 · Cited by 11
Effects of an Adventure Therapy Mountain Bike Program on Middle School Students’ Resiliency
Brown, C. L., Christian, D. D., & Crowson, H. M. (2023) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Counseling · doi:10.1080/23727810.2023.2229084 · Cited by 15
Goodall, G., Mjøen, O. M., Witsø, A. E., Horghagen, S., Hardonk, S. C., & Kvam, L. (2023) · Higher Education · doi:10.1007/s10734-023-01123-8 · Cited by 14
“Therefore, multilevel modeling was deemed appropriate, as this takes the hierarchical nature of the data into account (Auspurg & Hinz, 2015; Heck et al., 2013).”
Cortisol response to acute stress in asthma: Moderation by depressive mood
Trueba, A. F., Simon, E., Auchus, R. J., & Ritz, T. (2016) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.03.005 · Cited by 13
Physical Activity and Affective Well-Being in Everyday Life
Jeckel, S., & Sudeck, G. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Gesundheitspsychologie · doi:10.1026/0943-8149/a000163 · Cited by 11
Milette-Winfree, M., Nakamura, B. J., Kotte, A., & Higa-McMillan, C. K. (2019) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-019-00941-2 · Cited by 13
González, J. J. P., Marcos, F. M. L., González‐Ponce, I., et al. (2020) · International Journal of Sports Science & Coaching · doi:10.1177/1747954120952069 · Cited by 11
“Repeated measures were treated with an Autoregressive Homogeneous (AR1) covariance structure, Restricted Maximum Likelihood (REML) was used as an estimation method, and random effects were analyzed with diagonal covariance types and a Wald test.(43)”
BackgroundMethodPovšič, K., Čuk, K., Milavec, S., et al. (2021) · Clinical Oral Investigations · doi:10.1007/s00784-021-03906-8 · Cited by 11
Green, Z. A., & Rizwan, S. (2023) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-023-00664-0 · Cited by 13
“Overall, data analysis and reporting was based on the approaches used by Heck et al. (2014) and Hesser (2015).”
MethodEvaluating quality in early childhood education in relation with children outcomes in Greek context
Grammatikopoulos, V., Gregoriadis, A., Tsigilis, N., & Zachopoulou, E. (2017) · Early Child Development and Care · doi:10.1080/03004430.2017.1289192 · Cited by 12
A Dynamic, Inclusive, and Affective Evolutionary View of Organizational Behavior
Mitchell, T. R. (2017) · Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104425 · Cited by 12
Wick, E. H., Johnson, K., DeMarre, K., et al. (2019) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599819856299 · Cited by 11
“For each reviewer, a linear full factorial mixed model with a scaled identity covariance matrix was constructed with SPSS.32 For each model, there were 3 fixed effects (review number, clinical outcome group, and pre- and postIAIA interval) and 1 random effect (patient).”
MethodThe relationships between workgroup emotional climate and teachers’ burnout and coping style
Shorosh, S., & Berkovich, I. (2020) · Research Papers in Education · doi:10.1080/02671522.2020.1836516 · Cited by 12
Kaushal, N., Bérubé, B., Hagger, M. S., & Bherer, L. (2021) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12525 · Cited by 14
Spiritual Coping: A Gateway to Enhancing Family Communication During Cancer Treatment
Prouty, A. M., Fischer, J. L., Purdom, A., Cobos, E., & Helmeke, K. B. (2015) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-015-0108-4 · Cited by 12
“Research questions were evaluated following procedures recommended by Heck et al. (2014).”
Bayesian analysis of longitudinal multitrait–multimethod data with ordinal response variables
Holtmann, J., Koch, T., Bohn, J., & Eid, M. (2017) · British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bmsp.12081 · Cited by 11
Buelens, E., Dewitte, L., Dezutter, J., Vandenhoeck, A., & Dillen, A. (2023) · Journal of Spirituality in Mental Health · doi:10.1080/19349637.2023.2177239 · Cited by 10
Zuo, J., Zheng, W., & Hong, J. (2023) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2023.106999 · Cited by 10
Chen, Y., & Jahromi, L. B. (2024) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-024-06288-4 · Cited by 18
Benner, A., Alers-Rojas, F., López, B. A., & Chen, S. (2024) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.14095 · Cited by 11
Lalande, L., King, R., Bambling, M., & Schweitzer, R. (2017) · Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10879-017-9360-0 · Cited by 10
Januário, L. B., Stevens, M. L., Mathiassen, S. E., Holtermann, A., Karstad, K., & Hallman, D. (2020) · Annals of Work Exposures and Health · doi:10.1093/annweh/wxaa079 · Cited by 10
“Statistical analysis We adopted a multilevel linear mixed regression model (Heck et al., 2013) to account for the nested structure of the data (workers within wards within nursing homes) by using wards and nursing homes as random effects.”
MethodSpatiotemporal dynamics of NO2 concentration with linear mixed models: A Bangladesh case study
Islam, K. M. A., Adnan, M. S. G., Zannat, K. E., et al. (2022) · Physics and Chemistry of the Earth Parts A/B/C · doi:10.1016/j.pce.2022.103119 · Cited by 10
Wingender, L. M., & Wolff, H. (2022) · Journal of Vocational Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jvb.2022.103811 · Cited by 10
Fritsch, J., Seiler, K., Wagner, M. O., Englert, C., & Jekauc, D. (2023) · Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1123/jsep.2022-0182 · Cited by 10
Now you feel it, now you don’t
Susanne Quadflieg, A., Ul-Haq, I., & Mavridis, N. (2016) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.17.2.03qua · Cited by 12
Holloway, E. D., Cruise, K. R., Downs, S. M., Monahan, P. O., & Aalsma, M. C. (2016) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-016-0734-5 · Cited by 10
Westerberg, K., Pienaar, J. W., Nordin, M., Romeo, M., & Baldó, M. Y. I. (2018) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x18815970 · Cited by 14
“This possibility was investigated by examining the intra-class correlation (ICC) (Heck et al., 2014), but a low ICC (ρ = .02) suggested that the data were indeed not nested.”
ResultPsychosocial Factors Promoting Personal Growth Throughout Adulthood
Toyama, M., Fuller, H. R., & Hektner, J. M. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00155-1 · Cited by 11
“, using data only from those who completed all three waves of measurements), that would produce more inflated standard errors or more biased parameter estimates (Heck et al. 2014).”
MethodIndigenous people, recognition, and democracy in Latin America
Fierro, J. (2019) · Ethnic and Racial Studies · doi:10.1080/01419870.2019.1691740 · Cited by 14
An exploration of school mobility: Risks and protective factors in late elementary
Dinnen, H. L., Baker, J., Dallal, R., Brann, K. L., & Flaspohler, P. D. (2020) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22393 · Cited by 10
Criterios y modelos estadísticos de eficacia escolar
Hernández, L. L. (2020) · Revista de Investigación Educativa · doi:10.6018/rie.417881 · Cited by 10
Psychological withdrawal and mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study
Landa, S. U., Puente-Martínez, A., & Castro, J. L. G. (2021) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2021.2019254 · Cited by 10
Holt, N. J. (2023) · Nordic Journal of Arts Culture and Health · doi:10.18261/njach.5.1.1 · Cited by 10
Oliveira, R., Arriaga, P., Correia, F., & Paiva, A. (2019) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-019-00582-3 · Cited by 11
The Costs of Store Sales for Retail Workers
van der Laken, P. A., Beijer, S. E., Nijs, S., van Veldhoven, M. J. P. M., & Paauwe, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.536970 · Cited by 11
Imitation or innovation? New ventures’ NPD strategies in emerging markets
Liu, J., Yang, X., & Sheng, S. (2023) · Industry and Innovation · doi:10.1080/13662716.2023.2226091 · Cited by 9
“The Δdev follows a chi-square distribution with a degree of freedom equal to the change of the numbers of parameters estimated in the comparison models (Heck, Thomas, and Tabata 2014).”
MethodShaya, N., Mohebi, L., Pillai, R., & Abukhait, R. (2024) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su16020733 · Cited by 15
Green, Z. A., & Rizwan, S. (2024) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102495 · Cited by 12
Stürner, L., Roß, T., Querengässer, J., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1456363 · Cited by 9
“Some authors believe that there is no compelling reason to conduct a multilevel analysis for an ICC value below 0.05, as the low proportion of variance at the next higher level does not justify the additional effort of a multilevel analysis (31).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe role of personal and cultural values on saving behavior: a cross-national analysis
Cruz, L. A., Peñaloza, V., Porto, N., et al. (2024) · International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy · doi:10.1108/ijssp-08-2024-0395 · Cited by 9
Sjetne, I. S., & Iversen, H. (2017) · BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth · doi:10.1186/s12884-016-1214-3 · Cited by 6
“The effects of geographic origin on indexes describing experiences in the birth institutions was tested using multilevel regression models with random intercepts [14].”
MethodLongitudinal outcomes associated with significant other responses to chronic fatigue and pain
Schmaling, K. B., Fales, J. L., & McPherson, S. (2017) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105317731824 · Cited by 9
“At the first level of the HLM, data from the four research visits were nested within the second level of the individual participants so that the first level reflects within-participant trajectories over time (Heck et al., 2014).”
MethodÇelik, Y., Eser, H. Y., Balcan, B., & Peker, Y. (2021) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics11071176 · Cited by 9
Coelho, V. A., Brás, P., & Matsopoulos, A. (2021) · School Psychology · doi:10.1037/spq0000454 · Cited by 9
Generations in context: The development of a new approach using Twitter and a survey
Peretz, H., Fried, Y., & Parry, E. (2021) · Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1111/joop.12376 · Cited by 10
Effects of subtitle speed on proportional reading time
Szarkowska, A., Silva, B. B., & Orrego-Carmona, D. (2021) · Translation Cognition & Behavior · doi:10.1075/tcb.00057.sza · Cited by 9
The impact of firm leverage on investment decisions: The new approach of hierarchical method
Thi, M. T., Thu, H. H. T., & Diep, N. T. T. (2023) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2023.2209380 · Cited by 9
Popa, I., & Madera, J. M. (2023) · Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.jhtm.2023.10.013 · Cited by 10
Shahid, H., Chaudhry, S. A., Abbas, F., Hassan, S. G., & Aslam, S. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440231215569 · Cited by 10
“We conducted analysis at multilevel by using Hierarchal Linear Modeling in SPSS version 25, with restricted maximum likelihood estimation as suggested by (Heck et al., 2013).”
MethodLongitudinal changes of student engagement in social annotation
Lin, L., Li, S., Huang, X., et al. (2024) · Distance Education · doi:10.1080/01587919.2024.2303488 · Cited by 9
“Chi-square difference test was used for model comparisons (Heck et al., 2014).”
MethodPrevalence, Reasons, and Predisposing Factors Associated with 30-day Hospital Readmissions in Poland
Kryś, J., Łyszczarz, B., Wyszkowska, Z., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16132339 · Cited by 9
Cutumisu, M., & Schwartz, D. L. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104215 · Cited by 16
Lane-Filtering Behavior of Motorcycle Riders at Signalized Urban Intersections
Promraksa, T., Satiennam, T., Satiennam, W., et al. (2022) · Journal of Advanced Transportation · doi:10.1155/2022/5662117 · Cited by 9
“…in the dependent variable. e intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was 0.004 (ICC values > 0.05 are often considered an indicator of a relevant amount of noninde-pendence) [41]. is means that clustering in the filtered data, that is, heterogeneity across the filtered data, was in-significant.”
InfluentialComparing Executive Functioning in the School Readiness of Hungarian and Kenyan Preschoolers
Amukune, S., Józsa, G., & Józsa, K. (2022) · International Journal of Early Childhood · doi:10.1007/s13158-022-00331-0 · Cited by 15
Støre, S. J., Tillfors, M., Wästlund, E., Angelhoff, C., Andersson, G., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2022) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.13758 · Cited by 10
“The mixed-effects model was chosen prospectively as a safeguard to attrition and missing data, as the model enables inclusion of missing data (Heck et al., 2014).”
MethodNot Every Day is Monday for Employees Confined due to COVID-19: Anticipatory Happiness Matters
Martínez‐Tur, V., Estreder, Y., Tomás-Marco, I., Moreno, F., Mañas-Rodríguez, M. Á., & Díaz-Fúnez, P. A. (2022) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2022a12 · Cited by 9
Five-year illness trajectories across racial groups in the UK following a first episode psychosis
Griffiths, S. L., Bogatsu, T., Longhi, M., Butler, E., Alexander, B., Bandawar, M., Everard, L., Jones, P. B., Fowler, D. G., Hodgekins, J., et al. (2023) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-023-02428-w · Cited by 8
“Finally, a diagonal covariance structure was used for the repeated and random effects which assumes heterogenous variances and no correlation between any of the elements [27].”
MethodBelchior, A. M., Lopes, H. F., Cabrita, L., et al. (2023) · International Political Science Review · doi:10.1177/01925121231155140 · Cited by 9
“13 The two-level SUR estimators are obtained via a generalized structural equation model, with clustered standard errors by party*election year given the nested structure of the data (Heck et al., 2014: 5).”
MethodCoelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2017) · Journal of Relationships Research · doi:10.1017/jrr.2017.21 · Cited by 9
Shaulskiy, S., Jolley, A., & O’Connell, K. B. (2022) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.21-08-0201 · Cited by 14
How (do) school experiences contribute to students’ sense of belonging?
Baek, C. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/02188791.2023.2206552 · Cited by 9
Chen, L. H., Kuo, C., Ni, Y.-L., & Hsu, S. (2023) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-023-10259-9 · Cited by 9
Firm automation and global value-chain participation: cross-country analysis
Reddy, K., Sasidharan, S., & Chundakkadan, R. (2024) · Applied Economics · doi:10.1080/00036846.2024.2303619 · Cited by 8
Terefe, B., Belachew, T. B., Asmamaw, D. B., Wassie, G. T., Azene, A. G., Eshetu, H. B., Muchie, K. F., Bantie, G. M., Bogale, K. A., & Negash, W. D. (2024) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0302143 · Cited by 9
Berkery, E., Peretz, H., Tiernan, S. D., & MORLEY, M. J. (2024) · European Management Journal · doi:10.1016/j.emj.2024.05.007 · Cited by 8
When time is running out: A growth curve analysis of older workers' retirement intentions
Cregan, C., Kulik, C. T., Perera, S. S., & Sardeshmukh, S. R. (2023) · Journal of Organizational Behavior · doi:10.1002/job.2692 · Cited by 9
Longitudinal and experimental investigations of implicit happiness and explicit fear of happiness
Collins, A. C., Jordan, D. G., Bartoszek, G., Kilgore, J., Lass, A. N. S., & Winer, E. S. (2023) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2023.2223907 · Cited by 8
Psychological structure of teacher well-being: Justification of a situated model
Dávila, J., Martínez, J. A. H., & Leal-Soto, F. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica (English ed ) · doi:10.1016/j.psicoe.2023.12.001 · Cited by 11
Coelho, V. A., Sousa, V., & Marchante, M. (2018) · Journal of Positive Behavior Interventions · doi:10.1177/1098300717750872 · Cited by 8
“…show that there is sufficient variance be explained for each variable at class level to warrant multilevel analysis, following recommendations by Heck et al. (2013) that ICCs higher than .05 justify inclusion: stress, ICCclass = .052; grade retention, ICCclass = .143; grade average, ICCclass =…”
BackgroundOkamura, K. H., Jackson, D. S., & Nakamura, B. J. (2019) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-019-00942-1 · Cited by 8
Toyama, M., Fuller, H. R., & Owino, J. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415020980755 · Cited by 8
Serravalle, L., Iacono, V., Wilson, A. L., Orlando, M. A., Tsekova, V., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2021) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-020-00743-3 · Cited by 8
“The main efficacy analyses were conducted using a mixed effects model with maximum likelihood (ML) estimation (Heck et al., 2014) with PASW version 22 (IBM, Corp.”
MethodPlaß-Christl, A., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Hölling, H., & Otto, C. (2021) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-021-02783-8 · Cited by 8
“We followed a stepwise approach starting with the null-models (including the outcome, but no further predictors) [40].”
MethodConditional Regard in the Classroom: A Double-Edged Sword
Kanat‐Maymon, Y., Shoshani, A., & Roth, G. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621046 · Cited by 8
“Heck et al. (2013) suggest a multilevel model is warranted if the ICC is higher than 0.05.”
BackgroundInfluentialThe development of visual attention in early infancy: Insights from a free‐viewing paradigm
Krieber, M., Pokorny, F. B., Tomantschger, I., Langmann, L., Poustka, L., Zhang, D., Treue, S., Tanzer, N. K., Einspieler, C., Marschik, P. B., et al. (2022) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12449 · Cited by 15
Krompa, G. M., O’Mahony, E., Tan, J. H. P., Mulligan, O. F., & Adamis, D. (2022) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-022-00951-9 · Cited by 8
“This analysis takes into account the fact that the individuals are “nested” in their teams and thus the observations within a team are correlated (Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundYen, C., Tu, C., Ozkeskin, E. E., Harati, H., & Sujo-Montes, L. E. (2022) · American Journal of Distance Education · doi:10.1080/08923647.2022.2041330 · Cited by 8
Resendes, T., Serravalle, L., Iacono, V., & Ellenbogen, M. A. (2023) · International Journal of Bipolar Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40345-022-00284-2 · Cited by 8
Academic Success of “Tiger Cubs”
Wu, H.-Y., Kung, F. Y. H., Chen, H., & Kim, Y.-H. (2016) · Social Psychological and Personality Science · doi:10.1177/1948550616675667 · Cited by 8
Wilkie, D. P., Cicero, D. C., & Mueller, C. W. (2017) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-017-0840-z · Cited by 8
van Assen, M. A. L. M., Stoevenbelt, A. H., & van Aert, R. C. M. (2022) · Religion Brain & Behavior · doi:10.1080/2153599x.2022.2070249 · Cited by 8
Anastasiou, V., Daios, S., Moysidis, D. V., et al. (2024) · Hellenic Journal of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.hjc.2024.07.002 · Cited by 7
Trajectories of Justice Involved Youth: Changing Risk and Protective Factors for Violence
Kleeven, A. T. H., Hilterman, E. L. B., Mulder, E. A., Popma, A., & Robbé, M. D. V. (2025) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/15412040241313372 · Cited by 8
“LMM is well suited for handling unbalanced longitudinal data, as they account both for differences in the number of observations between participants and the timing of assessments (e.g., the number and spacing between measurements may vary; Heck et al., 2014; Shek & Ma, 2011; Singer et al., 2003).”
Mahon, C., Hamburger, D., Yager, Z., Webb, J. B., Brown, G., & Fitzgerald, A. (2025) · Body Image · doi:10.1016/j.bodyim.2025.101905 · Cited by 7
Lim, T., Pearson, L., Thompson, J., Odgers, J. C., & Beck, B. (2025) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2025.06.006 · Cited by 7
Wong, M. M.-H., McCutcheon, L. E., Rodefer, J. S., & Carter, K. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0281551 · Cited by 7
Versloot-Swildens, M. C., de Graaf, H., Twisk, J. W. R., Popma, A., & Jansen, L. M. C. (2023) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-023-01903-6 · Cited by 8
“However, multilevel analyses as used in this study, compared to other analyses, can handle randomly missing data relatively well (Heck et al., 2013).”
What makes fathers involved? Fathers’ time, education, and cooperative coparenting
Diniz, E., Brandão, T., & Veríssimo, M. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-07214-8 · Cited by 7
“The models were estimated with maximum likelihood (Heck et al., 2014; Kenny & Kashy, 2011; Luke, 2004).”
Marušić, I., Jagodić, G. K., Erceg, I., & Šabić, J. (2020) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2020.101946 · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Heck, R. H.
- Corresponding author
- Heck, Ronald H.
- ORCID
- Heck, Ronald H.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2013-08-22
- OpenAlex
- W4302348542
- Cited by
- 774
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- multilevel modeling, longitudinal modeling, growth trajectories, covariance structure, personal transformation, regression discontinuity design, quasi-experimental design, missing data, sampling weights, cross-classified data, multivariate outcomes, organizational change
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