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Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS
Abstract
This book demonstrates how to use multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in the IBM SPSS mixed-effects program (MIXED). Annotated screen shots provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique and navigating the program. Readers learn how to set up, run, and interpret a variety of models. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development to show readers the rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at www.routledge.com/9780415817110. Highlights of the new edition include: Updated throughout to reflect IBM SPSS Version 21. Further coverage of growth trajectories, coding time-related variables, covariance structures, individual change and longitudinal experimental designs (Ch.5). Extended discussion of other types of research designs for examining change (e.g., regression discontinuity, quasi-experimental) over time (Ch.6). New examples specifying multiple latent constructs and parallel growth processes (Ch. 7). Discussion of alternatives for dealing with missing data and the use of sample weights within multilevel data structures (Ch.1). The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and cross-classified data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the basics of multilevel modeling: developing a multilevel model, interpreting output, and trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are presented in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides an illustration of multilevel models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques and issues when conducting multilevel analyses. It's ideal for courses on multilevel and longitudinal modeling, multivariate statistics, and research design taught in education, psychology, business, and sociology.
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“Missing data were handled with a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) method (Heck et al., 2013).”
From Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Increases Mental Wellbeing and Emotion Regulation During the First Wave of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Synchronous Online Intervention Study (2021) · cites this paper as Heck et al., 2013
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Ghaderi, A., Kadesjö, C., Björnsdotter, A., & Enebrink, P. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29550-z · Cited by 41
Wronowski, M. L., & Urick, A. (2019) · Educational Policy · doi:10.1177/0895904819843598 · Cited by 42
Liu, M., Gorgievski, M. J., Zwaga, J., & PAAS, F. G. W. C. (2022) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2022.102249 · Cited by 46
Jouriles, E. N., Rosenfield, D., McDonald, R., Vu, N. L., Rancher, C. E., & Mueller, V. (2016) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2016.1163706 · Cited by 42
“As recommended by Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2013), we explored various growth curve models for each outcome variable in each analysis, including linear, quadratic, logarithmic, and piecewise (separate models for treatment and follow-up phases of the study) models.”
MethodLeung, J. T. Y., Shek, D. T. L., Fung, A. L. C., & Leung, G. S.-M. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407520971713 · Cited by 41
In‐person versus virtual therapy in outpatient eating‐disorder treatment: A COVID ‐19 inspired study
Steiger, H., Booij, L., Crescenzi, O., Oliverio, S., Singer, I., Thaler, L., St‐Hilaire, A., & Israël, M. (2021) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.23655 · Cited by 40
Frison, E., & Eggermont, S. (2016) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2016.08.008 · Cited by 39
Åhlén, J., Hursti, T. J., Tanner, L., Tokay, Z., & Ghaderi, A. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0821-1 · Cited by 39
Kenny, R., Fitzgerald, A., Segurado, R., & Dooley, B. A. (2019) · Health Informatics Journal · doi:10.1177/1460458219884195 · Cited by 38
Physical activity and its relationship with COVID-19 cases and deaths: Analysis of U.S. counties
Cunningham, G. B. (2021) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2021.03.008 · Cited by 43
“Restricted maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate the models.(41,42)D32X XThe state level (as represented by the Federal Information Processing StandardD33X X code) was specified as a random effect, and all other variables were specified as fixed effects.”
Help others—be happy? The effect of altruistic behavior on happiness across cultures
Weiss-Sidi, M., & Riemer, H. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1156661 · Cited by 53
Muir, K., Madill, A., & Brown, C. (2017) · Cognition & Emotion · doi:10.1080/02699931.2016.1225005 · Cited by 38
Stjerneklar, S., Hougaard, E., & Thastum, M. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.01.003 · Cited by 38
Mueller, V., Jouriles, E. N., McDonald, R., & Rosenfield, D. (2015) · Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9953-y · Cited by 36
Ganz, T., Braun, M., Laging, M., Schermelleh-Engel, K., Michalak, J., & Heidenreich, T. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.09.017 · Cited by 40
Language balance and switching ability in children acquiring English as a second language
Goriot, C., Broersma, M., McQueen, J. M., Unsworth, S., & van Hout, R. W. N. M. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Child Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2018.03.019 · Cited by 36
Burch, T. (2019) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-019-09641-y · Cited by 43
Stelnicki, A. M., Jamshidi, L., Fletcher, A. J., & Carleton, R. N. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.511755 · Cited by 59
Djernis, D., O’Toole, M. S., Fjorback, L. O., Svenningsen, H., Mehlsen, M. Y., Stigsdotter, U. K., & Dahlgaard, J. (2021) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare9070910 · Cited by 38
“All models also included a random intercept, and the slope was specified as random in analyses with more than two time points, and if it improved the model fit as evaluated by a change in the -2LL (minus twice the log likelihood) fit statistic [44].”
MethodKaynak, Ö., Lepore, S. J., Kliewer, W. L., et al. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.012 · Cited by 36
Measuring medication adherence in asthma: Development of a novel self-report tool
Dima, A. L., Ganse, E. H. V., Laforest, L., Texier, N., de Bruin, M., & the ASTRO-Lab group (2017) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2017.1290248 · Cited by 39
“Unconditional means models were performed to assess the proportion of variance at different levels via intra-class correlation coef fi cients (ICC); a cut-off of .05 was considered as indicating substantial variance to capture differences in adherence (Heck, Thomas, & Tabata, 2013).”
Coelho, V. A., Marchante, M., & Romão, A. M. (2022) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.102053 · Cited by 36
Multilevel Models of the Relationship Between Music Achievement and Reading and Math Achievement
Bergee, M. J., & Weingarten, K. M. (2020) · Journal of Research in Music Education · doi:10.1177/0022429420941432 · Cited by 35
Taylor, M. K., Cook, K. V., Hasler, C. T., et al. (2012) · Ecology Of Freshwater Fish · doi:10.1111/j.1600-0633.2012.00582.x · Cited by 35
“The model structure was evaluated in terms of random slopes and covariance structures using Akaike’s information criterion (AICs) (Field 2009; Heck et al. 2010).”
MethodOtto, C., Barthel, D., Klasen, F., Nolte, S., Rose, M., Meyrose, A., Klein, M. O., Thyen, U., & Ravens‐Sieberer, U. (2017) · Quality of Life Research · doi:10.1007/s11136-017-1753-8 · Cited by 38
“Mechanisms of handling missing data differed for GLMMs compared to LMMs in the used software IBM SPSS 22 (due to different levels of measurement of the outcomes and modeling approaches [43, 44]).”
MethodThe effect of a sport-based intervention to prevent juvenile delinquency in at-risk adolescents
Spruit, A., Hoffenaar, P. J., van der Put, C. E., van Vugt, E., & Stams, G. J. J. M. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.013 · Cited by 38
A computer-based spatial learning strategy approach that improves reading comprehension and writing
Ponce, H. R., Mayer, R. E., & López, M. (2013) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-013-9310-9 · Cited by 36
“We computed the intra-class correlation (ICC); its value was equal to 0.22, which was much greater than the recommended value of 0.05 to justify a single level analysis (Heck et al. 2010).”
MethodInfluentialSmeijers, D., & Koole, S. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00083 · Cited by 39
Wilkinson, H. R., & Bartoli, A. J. (2020) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12376 · Cited by 48
This doesn’t make sense! Does illegitimate tasks affect innovative behaviour?
Bani‐Melhem, S., Abukhait, R., & Shamsudin, F. M. (2023) · Service Industries Journal · doi:10.1080/02642069.2022.2163994 · Cited by 34
“…for Perceived Meaningless Work and Inno-vative Work Behaviours were 0.22 and 0.29, respectively, above the recommended threshold value of 0.05 (Heck et al., 2014), indicating that 22% of the total variation in Perceived Meaningless Work and 29% of the total variation in Innovative Work…”
InfluentialOtto, C., Steffensen, B. F., Højberg, A.-L., Barkmann, C., Rahbek, J., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Mahoney, A., Vry, J., Gramsch, K., Thompson, R., et al. (2017) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-017-8406-2 · Cited by 33
Holt, N. J. (2017) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913917739041 · Cited by 33
Beyond the Constraints of an RCT: Naturalistic treatment outcomes for anxiety-related disorders
Asnaani, A., Benhamou, K., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Turk-Karan, E., & Foa, E. B. (2020) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2019.07.007 · Cited by 32
Aerts, G., Smits, T., & Verlegh, P. W. J. (2017) · Decision Support Systems · doi:10.1016/j.dss.2017.10.006 · Cited by 32
Martínez-González, N., Atienza, F. L., Tomás-Marco, I., Duda, J. L., & Balaguer, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.612825 · Cited by 40
Ma, K., McMaugh, A. L., & Cavanagh, M. (2022) · Australian Journal of Education · doi:10.1177/00049441211060474 · Cited by 33
Coelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2018) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-018-0897-3 · Cited by 45
Al-Hemoud, A. M., Al-Khayat, A., Al‐Dashti, H., et al. (2021) · Environmental Challenges · doi:10.1016/j.envc.2021.100215 · Cited by 31
“The mixed-effects egression model helps estimates a wide variety of models with single r multivariate outcomes from numerous sampling distributions (e.g., ormal, binomial, multinomial, and Poisson) ( Heck et al., 2013 ).”
El Alaoui, S., Hedman, E., Ljótsson, B., & Lindefors, N. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2015-007902 · Cited by 30
“In both models, a first-order autoregressive covariance structure for the repeated measurements level was used as recommended in longitudinal studies where correlations between measurements tend to weaken as time between them increases.(35) Two approaches to treating time were considered; (1) either using a two-piece…”
MethodA Randomized Effectiveness Trial of a Behavioral Teacher Program Targeting ADHD Symptoms
Veenman, B., Luman, M., Hoeksma, J. B., Pieterse, K., & Oosterlaan, J. (2016) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054716658124 · Cited by 32
Predictors of health-related quality of life in chronically ill children and adolescents over time
Barthel, D., Ravens‐Sieberer, U., Nolte, S., Thyen, U., Klein, M. O., Walter, O., Meyrose, A., Rose, M., & Otto, C. (2018) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.03.005 · Cited by 31
Social Enterprise Innovation: A Quantitative Analysis of Global Patterns
Monroe‐White, T., & Zook, S. (2018) · VOLUNTAS International Journal of Voluntary and Nonprofit Organizations · doi:10.1007/s11266-018-9987-9 · Cited by 31
“Given the small sample size (i.e., fewer than 100 country cases), a Satterthwaite1 approximation was used, along with a robust estimation of the fixed effects, which is useful in smaller sample sizes (Heck et al. 2013).”
Holt, N. J. (2020) · Perspectives in Public Health · doi:10.1177/1757913920913060 · Cited by 33
Cunningham, G. B., & Nite, C. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11424-1 · Cited by 30
“We estimated the model using restricted maximum likelihood estimation [39].”
MethodOlatunji, B. O., Rosenfield, D., Monzani, B. A., Krebs, G., Heyman, I., Turner, C. M., Isomura, K., & Mataix‐Cols, D. (2015) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.22423 · Cited by 35
“matrix of the errors of the repeated measures as “Toeplitz heterogeneous” because it provided the smallest deviance scores for the fewest parameters.[51] Post-hoc power analyses using the MRM power analysis program PinT 3.”
MethodCoelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2016) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0472-8 · Cited by 43
“to other analyses, the main one being that it controls for non-independence among the repeated observations for each individual (Heck et al. 2013).”
BackgroundFeeding the hype cycle: Entrepreneurial swagger, passion, and inflated expectations
Heupel, K., Arteaga-Fonseca, J., Rutherford, M. W., & Edwards, B. (2024) · Journal of Business Venturing · doi:10.1016/j.jbusvent.2024.106432 · Cited by 31
Clerkin, E. M., Magee, J. C., Wells, T. T., Beard, C., & Barnett, N. P. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.010 · Cited by 32
Effects of Mental Strength Training for Police Officers: a Three-Wave Quasi-experimental Study
van der Meulen, E., Bosmans, M. W. G., Lens, K. M. E., Lahlah, E., & van der Velden, P. G. (2017) · Journal of Police and Criminal Psychology · doi:10.1007/s11896-017-9247-8 · Cited by 30
“The mixed-effect models incorporated an auto-regressive covariance structure, which is considered to be the best fit to longitudinal data (Heck et al. 2013).”
MethodStress in Portuguese Middle School Transition: A Multilevel Analysis
Coelho, V. A., & Romão, A. M. (2016) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2016.61 · Cited by 32
Bröning, S., Baldus, C., Thomsen, M., Sack, P., Arnaud, N., & Thomasius, R. (2017) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-017-0797-x · Cited by 30
Weldam, S. W. M., Schuurmans, M. J., Zanen, P., Heijmans, M., Sachs, A. P. E., & Lammers, J. J. (2017) · ERJ Open Research · doi:10.1183/23120541.00115-2016 · Cited by 30
Smithman, M. A., Brousselle, A., Touati, N., Boivin, A., Nour, K., Dubois, C.-A., Loignon, C., Berbiche, D., & Breton, M. (2018) · International Journal for Equity in Health · doi:10.1186/s12939-018-0887-9 · Cited by 29
“Because the intraclass correlation was larger than 5% [59], we used a multilevel model for examine the association between deprivation and wait time for attachment to a GP.”
MethodSocial trust and support for immigrants’ social rights in Spain
Fierro, J., & Rubio, S. P. (2021) · Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies · doi:10.1080/1369183x.2021.1951688 · Cited by 29
Forcher, L., Forcher, L., Forcher, L., et al. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1197039 · Cited by 29
Ramey, H. L., Lawford, H. L., Rose‐Krasnor, L., Freeman, J., & Lanctot, J. (2018) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2018.09.023 · Cited by 29
Lomholt, J., Johnsen, D., Silverman, W., Heyne, D., Jeppesen, P., & Thastum, M. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00586 · Cited by 29
Bruneau, A., Frimerman, L., Verner, M., Sirois, A., Fournier, C., Scott, K., Pérez, J., Shir, Y., & Martel, M. O. (2021) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108787 · Cited by 29
Hummel, A. C., Kiel, E. J., & Zvirblyte, S. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0272-x · Cited by 29
Campbell, J. M., Caldwell, E. A., Railey, K. S., Lochner, O. K., Jacob, R., & Kerwin, S. (2019) · School Psychology Review · doi:10.17105/spr-2017-0091.v48-2 · Cited by 29
“Consistent with logic and procedures in Heck et al. (2014), our analytic approach consisted of three steps to model building: (a) identification of a null (or unconditional) model, (b) testing Level 1 predictors (e.g., gender), and (c) testing Level 2 predictors (e.g., intervention).”
MethodVos, R., Boesten, J., & van den Akker, M. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0264343 · Cited by 28
Takashiro, N. (2016) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-016-9255-8 · Cited by 28
“Treating students as if they were independent of an organization potentially creates analysis bias and ignores the similar educational attitudes shared with others within the groups (Heck et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSmeijers, D., Bulten, E., Verkes, R., & Koole, S. L. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11111484 · Cited by 29
Evje, J., Fluit, S., & von Soest, T. (2024) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2024.2440856 · Cited by 27
Work-Family Conflict in the European Union: The Impact of Organizational and Public Facilities
Remery, C. L. H. S., & Schippers, J. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16224419 · Cited by 27
Garcia‐Burgos, D., Lao, J., Munsch, S., & Caldara, R. (2017) · Food Research International · doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2017.04.011 · Cited by 26
Porter, S. B., Odegard, T. N., Farris, E. A., & Oslund, E. L. (2023) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-023-10448-w · Cited by 28
Lawes-Wickwar, S., McBain, H. B., Newman, S. P., Hirani, S. P., Hurt, C. S., Dunlop, N., Flood, C., & Ezra, D. G. (2016) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-016-1263-y · Cited by 27
“Restricted Estimate Maximum Likelihood (REML) methods will be used as these are preferred for smaller samples [35].”
MethodThe Association between Insomnia and Anxiety Symptoms in a Naturalistic Anxiety Treatment Setting
Kaczkurkin, A. N., Tyler, J., Turk-Karan, E., Belli, G. M., & Asnaani, A. (2020) · Behavioral Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1080/15402002.2020.1714624 · Cited by 30
Marcos, F. M. L., Behzadnia, B., López-Gajardo, M. Á., Batista, M., & González, J. J. P. (2022) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2022-0040 · Cited by 28
Alshorman, S. A. A., Qaderi, S. A., Alhmoud, T. R., & Meqbel, R. (2022) · Journal of Sustainable Finance & Investment · doi:10.1080/20430795.2022.2119833 · Cited by 27
Veenman, B., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01157 · Cited by 29
“Four hierarchical levels were used: observations at level 1 were nested within students (level 2), level 2 was nested within classrooms (level 3), and level 3 was nested within schools (level 4; Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialVandewalle, J., Malfait, S., Eeckloo, K., Colman, R., Beeckman, D., Verhaeghe, S. T. L., & Hecke, A. V. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/inm.12376 · Cited by 35
Spidel, A., Daigneault, I., Kealy, D., & Lecomte, T. (2018) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000413 · Cited by 27
Girard, S., St‐Amand, J., & Chouinard, R. (2019) · Journal of Teaching in Physical Education · doi:10.1123/jtpe.2018-0163 · Cited by 36
Wright, K. M., Roberts, R., & Proeve, M. J. (2019) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-019-01193-9 · Cited by 29
“Multi-level Models To test for differences between programs, a two time-point multi-level growth model was run for each outcome variable following established procedures (Heck et al. 2014; Singer and Willett 2003).”
MethodNordin, L., & Perrin, S. G. (2019) · European Journal of Psychotraumatology · doi:10.1080/20008198.2019.1686807 · Cited by 25
Schapira, R., Deitcher, D. B., & Aram, D. (2020) · Reading & Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-020-10072-y · Cited by 1
Reißmann, A., Stollberg, E., Hauser, J., Kaunzinger, I., & Lange, K. W. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252775 · Cited by 29
“In SAS, models were estimated using the (Full Information) Maximum Likelihood (ML) procedure, as it is suited for testing “nested” models differing in the number of included fixed effects [46,48].”
Tremblay, M., Hill, K. M., & Aubé, C. (2016) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2016.1203306 · Cited by 30
Emotional Wellbeing and Life Satisfaction of Singles and Mated People Across 12 Nations
Apostolou, M., Sullman, M. J. M., Błachnio, A., et al. (2024) · Evolutionary Psychological Science · doi:10.1007/s40806-024-00416-0 · Cited by 24
“In accordance with Heck et al.’s (2013) recommendations, we initially ran an unspecified model (i.e., only the dependent variable and the second level factor) to determine whether multilevel analysis was necessary (i.e., if the random effect was significant).”
Herens, M. C., Bakker, E. J., van Ophem, J., Wagemakers, A., & Koelen, M. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0150025 · Cited by 24
“For random effects, we used the scaled identity covariance structure [66].”
MethodTransitioning into the first year of teaching: changes and sources of teacher self-efficacy
Ma, K., Chutiyami, M., & Nicoll, S. (2021) · The Australian Educational Researcher · doi:10.1007/s13384-021-00481-5 · Cited by 24
Classroom Seat Proximity Predicts Friendship Formation
Faur, S., & Laursen, B. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.796002 · Cited by 24
“Low ICCs (within-classroom ρ = 0.00 to ρ = 0.05) indicated that observations within classrooms were no different than observations between classrooms (Hox, 1998; Heck et al., 2014), suggesting that classroom nestedness did not bias results.”
ResultInfluentialKaczkurkin, A. N., Asnaani, A., Alpert, E., & Foa, E. B. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.02.001 · Cited by 26
Coelho, V. A., Romão, A. M., Brás, P., Bear, G. G., & Prioste, A. (2019) · Child Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s12187-019-09674-y · Cited by 28
Capitanio, J. P., Sommet, N., & Rosso, L. A. D. (2022) · American Journal of Primatology · doi:10.1002/ajp.23374 · Cited by 32
“05 indicates so little between‐ cluster variation that multilevel models are unnecessary (Heck et al., 2014), but this perspective is not universally shared (Huang, 2018; Musca et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialNordmo, M., Sinding, A. I., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Havik, O. E., & Nordgreen, T. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.10.003 · Cited by 23
Abukhait, R., Khattak, M. N., Shaya, N., & Ramanathan, U. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1128499 · Cited by 28
“The intra-class correlation coefficient for NA, IWB, and KNS was 0.806, 0.842, and 0.932, respectively, above the threshold of.05 (Heck et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialGerpott, T. J., & Meinert, P. (2015) · Telecommunications Policy · doi:10.1016/j.telpol.2015.09.004 · Cited by 23
Class-level risk factors for bullying and victimization in Portuguese middle schools
Coelho, V. A., & Sousa, V. (2017) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034317749992 · Cited by 24
“For research, given that in educational contexts students are nested within classrooms, which in turn are nested within schools, the analytic strategies employed should account for nested data and effects at the different levels (Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialWong, C., Zheng, W., & Qiao, M. (2019) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098019884254 · Cited by 22
“examine the improvement of model fit by using maximum likelihood estimation when comparing two or more successive (nested) models and good models possess a higher likelihood of acquiring the observed results, that is, smaller values for 22LL (Heck et al., 2013).”
MethodYu, H. C., Lee, L., & Madera, J. M. (2020) · Cornell Hospitality Quarterly · doi:10.1177/1938965520961061 · Cited by 24
Daly-Smith, A., Hobbs, M., Morris, J. L., Defeyter, M. A., Resaland, G. K., & McKenna, J. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030990 · Cited by 26
“Models were built using the recommended three-stage process [44].”
MethodSimão, A. M. V., Ferreira, P. C., Pereira, N., Oliveira, S., Paulino, P., Rosa, H., Ribeiro, R., Coheur, L., Carvalho, J. P., & Trancoso, I. M. (2021) · Cognitive Computation · doi:10.1007/s12559-021-09852-7 · Cited by 26
Bjørk, R. F., Bølstad, E., Pons, F., & Havighurst, S. S. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101368 · Cited by 24
Alhaimer, R. S. (2022) · Cogent Business & Management · doi:10.1080/23311975.2022.2031682 · Cited by 22
Serious Game-based Psychosocial Intervention to Foster Prosociality in Cyberbullying Bystanders
Ferreira, P. C., Simão, A. M. V., Paiva, A., Martinho, C., Prada, R., & Rocha, J. (2022) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/pi2022a5 · Cited by 27
“…the event and avoiding responsibility) and maximum likelihood (models for aggressive and prosocial behavior) for estimation purposes, respectively (Heck et al., 2013; McCoach, 2010), and introduced the variables in SPSS in three steps (i.e., models 1, 2, and 3) to examine the interaction effects.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKono, S., Ito, E., & Gui, J. (2022) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2022.2102097 · Cited by 22
Eßling, I., Todorova, M., Sunder, C., Steffensky, M., & Meschede, N. (2023) · Teaching and Teacher Education : An International Journal of Research and Studies · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2023.104250 · Cited by 25
Metadata
- Authors
- Heck, R. H.
- Corresponding author
- Heck, Ronald H.
- ORCID
- Heck, Ronald H.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2013-08-22
- OpenAlex
- W4302348542
- Cited by
- 774
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6
- FWCI
- 7.23
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- multilevel modeling, longitudinal modeling, growth trajectories, covariance structure, personal transformation, regression discontinuity design, quasi-experimental design, missing data, sampling weights, cross-classified data, multivariate outcomes, organizational change
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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