Cited by 774Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceSpatial and Panel Data AnalysisStatistical Methods and Applications

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Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS

Heck, Ronald H.·2013·Routledge eBooks

DOI 10.4324/9780203701249

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Abstract

This book demonstrates how to use multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in the IBM SPSS mixed-effects program (MIXED). Annotated screen shots provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique and navigating the program. Readers learn how to set up, run, and interpret a variety of models. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development to show readers the rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at www.routledge.com/9780415817110. Highlights of the new edition include: Updated throughout to reflect IBM SPSS Version 21. Further coverage of growth trajectories, coding time-related variables, covariance structures, individual change and longitudinal experimental designs (Ch.5). Extended discussion of other types of research designs for examining change (e.g., regression discontinuity, quasi-experimental) over time (Ch.6). New examples specifying multiple latent constructs and parallel growth processes (Ch. 7). Discussion of alternatives for dealing with missing data and the use of sample weights within multilevel data structures (Ch.1). The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and cross-classified data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the basics of multilevel modeling: developing a multilevel model, interpreting output, and trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are presented in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides an illustration of multilevel models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques and issues when conducting multilevel analyses. It's ideal for courses on multilevel and longitudinal modeling, multivariate statistics, and research design taught in education, psychology, business, and sociology.

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Items 401–500 of 708

A Coach Development Program: A Guided Online Reflective Practice Intervention Study
Silva, E. J. D., Mallett, C. J., Sánchez‐Oliva, D., Dias, A., & Palmeira, A. L. (2022) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2022.2045795 · Cited by 7
Application of Ecological Momentary Assessment in Studies with Rotation Workers in the Resources and Related Construction Sectors: A Systematic Review
Asiamah-Asare, B. K. Y., Robinson, S., Kwaśnicka, D., & Powell, D. (2022) · Safety and Health at Work · doi:10.1016/j.shaw.2022.10.004 · Cited by 7
Positive Attitude Upper Middle School social and emotional learning program: influences of implementation quality on program outcome
Coelho, V. A., Marchante, M., & Brás, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1172517 · Cited by 13
Connecting physical activity with context and motivation: a user study to define variables to integrate into mobile health recommenders
Coppens, I., Pessemier, T. D., & Martens, L. (2023) · User Modeling and User-Adapted Interaction · doi:10.1007/s11257-023-09368-9 · Cited by 7
Predicting Exercise Behavior Among Caregivers of Persons With Dementia—A Longitudinal Investigation Using an Extended Health Belief Model
Kaushal, N., de la Colina, A. N., Keith, N. R., & Nemati, D. (2023) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnad159 · Cited by 7
Structural stigma, gender-affirming interventions, and identity concealment as determinants of depression and life satisfaction among trans adults in 28 European countries
Ünsal, B. C., Ar-Karcı, Y., Demetrovics, Z., & Reinhardt, M. (2024) · International Journal of Transgender Health · doi:10.1080/26895269.2024.2310533 · Cited by 11
Does tackling the sustainable development goals lead to life satisfaction?
da Silva, F. R., Paula, T. M. D., Gerhard, F., Victor, C., & de Freitas, A. A. F. (2024) · Environment Development and Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s10668-024-04640-3 · Cited by 7
“In this sense, the null model proved to be significant, showing an intercept of average satisfaction across the 53 countries ( p < 0.05), thus allowing further multilevel regression analyses (Heck et al., 2013; Peugh, 2010).”
Influential
Moderators Influencing the Effectiveness of a Behavioral Teacher Program
Veenman, B., Luman, M., & Oosterlaan, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00298 · Cited by 7
“Four hierarchical levels were used: observations were nested within students, students were nested within classrooms, and classrooms were nested within schools (level 4; Heck et al., 2013).”
Method
Analyzing Longitudinal Multirater Data with Changing and Stable Raters
Koch, T., Holtmann, J., Eid, M., & West, S. G. (2019) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2019.1638784 · Cited by 7
FDI inflow effects on Western Balkan area's labour markets
Perić, M., & Stanišić, N. (2020) · The European Journal of Applied Economics · doi:10.5937/ejae17-25663 · Cited by 7
Foreign Direct Investments and Labour Force Indicators in Transition Economies: Linear Mixed-Effects Models Impact Analysis
Perić, M., & Filipović, S. (2021) · Sociológia - Slovak Sociological Review · doi:10.31577/sociologia.2021.53.3.9 · Cited by 7
Exploring Relationships Between L2 Chinese Character Writing and Reading Acquisition From Embodied Cognitive Perspectives: Evidence From HSK Big Data
Chai, X., & Ma, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.779190 · Cited by 7
Moderators of Change in Social Anxiety during CBT in a Transdiagnostic, Naturalistic Treatment-Seeking Sample
Asnaani, A., Kaczkurkin, A. N., Tannahill, H. S., & Fitzgerald, H. E. (2016) · Journal of Experimental Psychopathology · doi:10.5127/jep.055416 · Cited by 8
“All analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics, version 22, using the linear mixed model procedures outlined in Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2014) and Shek and Ma (2011).”
Method
A Longitudinal Examination of Work–Family Conflict among Working Mothers in the United States
Raza, H., van Eeden‐Moorefield, B., Grzywacz, J. G., Linver, M. R., & Lee, S. (2018) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s1530-353520180000013007 · Cited by 7
Is Complex Visual Information Implicated During Language Comprehension? The Case of Cast Shadows
Horchak, O. V., & Garrido, M. V. (2020) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.12870 · Cited by 8
The use of e-commerce applications in Latin America: individual and structural influences during COVID-19
Valdivino, C. X., De Paula, T. M., & Gerhard, F. (2025) · Future Business Journal · doi:10.1186/s43093-025-00626-3 · Cited by 7
Reducing emotion dysregulation online in nonclinical population with compassion focused therapy and emotional competencies program: A randomized controlled trial
Paucsik, M., Baeyens, C., Tessier, D. P., & Shankland, R. (2024) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23748 · Cited by 8
Tweeting for peace: an analysis of twitter use in Colombia's peace process
Quinchía-Saavedra, C., García, J. A. C., & Pino, J. M. R. (2025) · International Review on Public and Nonprofit Marketing · doi:10.1007/s12208-025-00433-0 · Cited by 6
Does Transparency Reach Citizens? National Accountability Mechanisms and Public Perceptions in Europe
Trautendorfer, J. A., & Eder, N. (2025) · Governance · doi:10.1111/gove.70041 · Cited by 6
Differential development and trainability of self-regulatory abilities among preschoolers
Grüneisen, L., Dörrenbächer‐Ulrich, L., & Perels, F. (2022) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103802 · Cited by 6
Belbin’s Team Role Balance and Team Effectiveness in Community Mental Health Teams in an Area of Northwest Ireland: Implications for Leadership
Adamis, D., Krompa, G. M., Rauf, A., et al. (2023) · Merits · doi:10.3390/merits3030036 · Cited by 6
“This model takes into account the fact that observations within a team are correlated [17].”
Background
Outcomes of a Virtual Day Treatment Program for Adults With Eating Disorders—Comparison With In‐Person Day Treatment
Thaler, L., Booij, L., St‐Hilaire, A., Hodge, C. P., Mesli, N., Burko, H., Lee, V., Oliverio, S., Israël, M., & Steiger, H. (2024) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.24263 · Cited by 6
Evaluating the before operational stress program: comparing in-person and virtual delivery
Ioachim, G., Bolt, N. K., Redekop, M., Wakefield, A., Shulhin, A., Dabhoya, J., Khoury, J. M. B., Bélanger, K., Williams, S. C. P., Chomistek, T., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1382614 · Cited by 8
“The MLM approach provides accurate estimates when some individuals have missing timepoints (Heck et al., 2013; West et al., 2015), and also allowed for more close comparison to the previous BOS Intensive evaluation.”
Result
Which personal and social resources help adolescents to recover from negative affect in daily life? An experience sampling study
Holt, N. J., Flórez-Varela, Á., Gómez–Restrepo, C., Godoy-Casasbuenas, N., Toyama, M., Hidalgo-Padilla, L., Diez‐Canseco, F., Brusco, L. I., Olivar, N., Lucchetti, S. C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Mental Health · doi:10.2989/17280583.2024.2385308 · Cited by 7
Espoused Religious Values in Organizations and Their Associations with Applicant Intentions to Pursue a Job
Neubert, M., & Wood, M. (2018) · Journal of business and psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-018-9594-1 · Cited by 4
The Moderating Effect of Community-Level Deprivation on the Association between Individual Characteristics and Smoking Behavior among Chinese Adults: A Cross-Level Study
Chen, N., & Kim, C.-G. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18115785 · Cited by 6
Investigating the feasibility of MePlusMe, an online intervention to support mental health, well-being, and study skills in higher education students
Goozée, R., Barrable, A., Ļubenko, J., Παπαδάτου-Παστού, Μ., Haddad, M., McKeown, E., Hirani, S. P., Martin, M., & Tzotzoli, P. (2022) · Journal of Mental Health · doi:10.1080/09638237.2022.2069699 · Cited by 12
Effects of rearing methods on feather-damaging behavior and corticosterone metabolite excretion in the peach-faced lovebird (Agapornis roseicollis Vieillot)
Ebisawa, K., KUSUDA, S., Nakayama, S., Pai, C., Kinoshita, R., & Hiroshi, K. O. I. E. (2022) · Journal of Veterinary Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.jveb.2022.07.002 · Cited by 6
Initial Effects of a Brief Transdiagnostic Intervention on Parent Emotion Management During COVID-19
Halliday, E. R., Cepeda, S. L., Grassie, H. L., Jensen‐Doss, A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01409-5 · Cited by 6
“Piecewise multilevel modeling [MLM; see 71–73] was employed using HLM software [74] to account for nesting of (1) Repeated measures for each participant, (2) Each participant, and (3) Participants nested within their group therapists, with one ID number assigned for each unique pair of therapists…”
Mental contrasting and energization transfer to low-expectancy tasks
Sevincer, A. T., Plakides, A., & Oettingen, G. (2022) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-022-09963-0 · Cited by 6
“We entered school as a random effect on Level 2 and condition as predictor (Heck et al., 2013).”
Method
Are government employees more or less likely to venture? Evidence from China
Zhao, M., Sheng, S., & Yang, X. (2023) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.113629 · Cited by 6
Socioeconomic status, social support, coping, and fear predict mental health status during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic: a 1-year longitudinal study
Jarego, M., Ferreira-Valente, A., Sánchez‐Rodríguez, E., Miró, J., Costa, P., & Ribeiro, J. L. P. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06553-w · Cited by 7
Effects of academic exam stress on nasal leukotriene B4 and vascular endothelial growth factor in asthma and health
Trueba, A. F., Ryan, M. W., Vogel, P. D., & Ritz, T. (2016) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2016.04.009 · Cited by 6
Exploring boundary conditions of the listening comprehension-reading comprehension discrepancy index
Odegard, T. N., Farris, E. A., & Washington, J. A. (2022) · Annals of Dyslexia · doi:10.1007/s11881-021-00250-0 · Cited by 6
Perceived risk of neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring related to psychotropic and mental illness exposures in pregnancy and breastfeeding: a cross-sectional survey of women with past or current mental illness
Bjørndal, L. D., Tauqeer, F., Heiervang, K. S., Clausen, H. K., Heitmann, K., & Lupattelli, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-061159 · Cited by 6
Regression Models for Project Expenditures
Weir, T. (2017) · Lecture notes in management and industrial engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-55914-8_20 · Cited by 7
Determinants of Female Adolescents’ Quality of Life Before, during and after Detention: a Four-Wave Follow-Up Study Examining a Theory of Individual Quality of Life
Damme, L. V., Vanderplasschen, W., Fortune, C., Vandevelde, S., & Colins, O. F. (2019) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-019-09775-4 · Cited by 6
Does latest match outcome influence subsequent mental training demands and mental fatigue? A longitudinal study in youth-elite soccer
Rubio‐Morales, A., García, J. D., Russell, S., et al. (2025) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2025.2468678 · Cited by 5
“LMM analyses data with a hierarchical structure in nesting units and can appropriately handle unbalanced and repeated-measures data (Heck et al., 2014).”
Greater Focus on Strengths is Associated with Successful Discharge in Youth Public Mental Health Treatment
Turner, E. H., & Mueller, C. W. (2021) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-021-01121-x · Cited by 5
The differential interaction effect of mastery and performance climate on athletes’ emotional and physical exhaustion: The role of athletes’ gratitude.
Chen, L. H., Wu, C., Ni, Y.-L., & Kuo, C. (2021) · Sport Exercise and Performance Psychology · doi:10.1037/spy0000257 · Cited by 7
At the intersection of belief and practice: A mixed-methods study of elementary general music educator praxis
Salvador, K., Svec, C. L., Glaser, J., et al. (2021) · Psychology of Music · doi:10.1177/03057356211050670 · Cited by 5
“For the intercept variance, Wald Z p-values were halved to adjust statistical significance from two-tailed to one-tailed (Heck et al., 2014; Pituch & Stevens, 2016; Tabachnick & Fidell, 2013), indicating that there was a significant clustering effect for HLM Teacher Singing (σ2B = 59.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Multilevel Modeling
Haumann, T., Kassemeier, R., & Wieseke, J. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-57413-4_18 · Cited by 7
Religion und Sozialkapital in der Schweiz
Odermatt, A. (2023) · Politik und Religion · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-41147-3 · Cited by 6
Religiosity and beliefs in medical conspiracy theories in 37 European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic
Jabkowski, P., Domaradzki, J., & Baranowski, M. (2025) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-025-04781-4 · Cited by 5
Predictors and Motivational Taxonomy of Youth Elopement From Residential Mental Health Placement
Milette-Winfree, M., Ku, J. G. K., & Mueller, C. W. (2017) · Residential Treatment for Children & Youth · doi:10.1080/0886571x.2017.1329643 · Cited by 5
Emotional responses to bullying among Japanese adolescents: Gender, context, and incidence visibility
Aoyama, I., Yanagida, T., & Wright, M. F. (2017) · International Journal of School & Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/21683603.2017.1291388 · Cited by 6
Multilevel modeling of chronotype and weekdays versus weekends to predict nonrestorative sleep
Tutek, J., Molzof, H. E., & Lichstein, K. L. (2017) · Chronobiology International · doi:10.1080/07420528.2017.1373118 · Cited by 5
“Day type and chronotype predicted RSQ via a multistep MLM approach using the MIXED procedure in SPSS version 23.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY; Heck et al. 2014).”
MethodInfluential
On kitsch and kic: Comparing kitsch concepts from Bavaria, Serbia and Slovenia
Ortlieb, S. A., Stojilović, I. Z., Rutar, D., Fischer, U. C., & Carbon, C. (2017) · Psihologija · doi:10.2298/psi1703357o · Cited by 5
Ideas of Subjective Well-Being in Democratic and Nondemocratic Societies: A Comparative Study
Zagrebina, A. (2018) · Comparative Sociology · doi:10.1163/15691330-12341450 · Cited by 5
Assessment Strategies for Reflective Learning in the Workplace: A Pragmatic Approach
Roessger, K. M. (2020) · Adult Learning · doi:10.1177/1045159520941947 · Cited by 5
A national evaluation of the Irish public health counselling in primary care service– examination of initial effectiveness data
Brand, C., Ward, F., MacDonagh, N., Cunningham, S., & Timulák, L. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03226-x · Cited by 5
“A Maximum Likelihood (ML) estimation method was used in order to facilitate the comparison of the resulting models [25].”
Method
Treatment focus diffusion predicts poorer clinical progress in children's public mental health care
Holmes, K. L., & Mueller, C. W. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral and Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jbct.2021.09.002 · Cited by 7
Debt and Firm Value, The New Approach of Hierarchical Method
Hoang, H. T. T., Vu, T. T. M., & Nguyen, D. T. (2023) · Journal Of Organizational Behavior Research · doi:10.51847/zmct8rfvcp · Cited by 5
Online teaching self-efficacy of Chinese university teachers amidst Covid-19: its changes and the moderation of adaptability and administration quality
Dong, J., Zhang, Y., & Ma, K. (2023) · Social Influence · doi:10.1080/15534510.2023.2187881 · Cited by 5
Media ideals and other-sex peer norms among Belgian early adolescents: equating self-worth with attractiveness
Trekels, J., Vangeel, L., & Eggermont, S. (2017) · Journal of Children and Media · doi:10.1080/17482798.2017.1348371 · Cited by 5
Client perfectionism and psychological symptoms throughout psychotherapy
Richardson, C. M. E., Rice, K. G., Sauer, E. M., & Roberts, K. E. (2017) · Psychotherapy Research · doi:10.1080/10503307.2017.1413854 · Cited by 5
“The MLM steps and recommendations outlined by Kahn (2011) as well as Heck, Thomas, and Tabata (2014) were used, and we also followed recent examples of MLM in psychotherapy literature such as Rice et al. (2015).”
Method
The Impact of Country-Level and Firm-Level on Financial Performance: A Multilevel Approach
Salah, W. (2018) · International Journal of Accounting and Taxation · doi:10.15640/ijat.v6n2a5 · Cited by 6
Measuring Moral Values with Smartwatch-Based Body Sensors
Sun, L., & Gloor, P. A. (2020) · Springer proceedings in complexity · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-48993-9_4 · Cited by 5
Does vendor breeding colony influence sign- and goal-tracking in Pavlovian conditioned approach? A preregistered empirical replication
Khoo, S. Y., Uhrig, A., Samaha, A., & Chaudhri, N. (2022) · Neuroanatomy and Behaviour · doi:10.35430/nab.2022.e46 · Cited by 3
The development of computational estimation in the transition from informal to formal mathematics education
Sekeris, E., Empsen, M., Verschaffel, L., & Luwel, K. (2020) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-020-00507-z · Cited by 7
Postponement of elective cardiac surgery: A prospective observational analysis of anxiety, depression, social support and clinical complications.
Spindler, H., Thorup, C. B., Nøhr, D., & Andreasen, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Nursing · doi:10.1111/jocn.16818 · Cited by 4
Early fraction relational reasoning uniquely predicts later algebraic thinking in children: A longitudinal study
Ching, B. H., & Li, X. Y. (2024) · Contemporary Educational Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cedpsych.2024.102300 · Cited by 4
The complex chemical effects of air pollutants, meteorology and dust on the concentrations of criteria and non-criteria air pollution in Kuwait
Al-Hemoud, A. M., Al-Senafi, A., Al-Khayat, A., et al. (2024) · Discover Atmosphere · doi:10.1007/s44292-024-00017-3 · Cited by 4
“The model equation is represented by [35]: where Y ij represents the estimated pollutant concentrations for the i th day and j th year; γ 00 is the overall intercept; u 0j is the between-year variation in intercepts; (γ 00+ u 0j ) is the intercept for each year; and ε ij represents the variation in…”
When there is no rush to take over: evaluating multi-stage takeover request designs in conditionally automated driving
Tan, X., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · Transportation Research Part F Traffic Psychology and Behaviour · doi:10.1016/j.trf.2025.103465 · Cited by 4
Concurrent and prospective associations between family socioeconomic status, social support and salivary diurnal and hair cortisol in adolescence
Cantave, C. Y., Brendgen, M. R., LUPIEN, S. J., Dionne, G., Vitaro, F., Boivin, M., & Ouellet‐Morin, I. (2023) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13893 · Cited by 4
Exploring the influential factors of online professional learning completion of college teachers from the Global South in an international training program
Wang, C., & Hu, X. (2024) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2024.100963 · Cited by 4
The role of political orientation in shaping deservingness perceptions and immigration attitudes in Europe: A multilevel analysis
Häkkilä, L., Kouvo, A., Oinas, T., Pfeifer, M., & Toikko, T. (2024) · Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy · doi:10.1017/ics.2025.4 · Cited by 5
“For multilevel modeling, we standardized the within-country variance of this variable to estimate the country-level effect, following the guidelines of Heck et al. (2014, pp. 65 – 66, 69 – 72).”
How task demands influence driver behaviour in conditionally automated driving: An investigation of situation awareness and takeover performance
Si, Y., Wang, W., Guo, M., et al. (2025) · Displays · doi:10.1016/j.displa.2025.103117 · Cited by 4
Prevalence and Associated Factors of Depression and Anxiety in Adolescents Residing in Malay-operated Non-government-run Sheltered Homes in Selangor, Malaysia
Mukhtar, F., Ding, W.-E., Lye, M. S., Awang, H., & Munawar, K. (2021) · Pertanika journal of social science & humanities · doi:10.47836/pjssh.29.1.16 · Cited by 4
“05 (Heck et al., 2013) and the design effect was greater than 2 (Peugh, 2010), it indicated the need for the GLMM analysis.”
Background
Individualised care in Flemish and Dutch hospitals: Comparing patients’ and nurses’ perceptions
Theys, S., van Belle, E., Heinen, M. M., Malfait, S., Eeckloo, K., Beeckman, D., Verhaeghe, S. T. L., & Hecke, A. V. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Caring Sciences · doi:10.1111/scs.13016 · Cited by 4
“A random intercept for the patients nested within wards was specified to take into account the multilevel structure of the data [29].”
Method
Emerging Adults’ Perceptions of and Responses to Interparental Conflict
Warmuth, K. A., DeCapua, A. M., & Fielding, A. (2023) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-023-02582-4 · Cited by 6
Effects of Declarative and Procedural Memory in the Development of Grammatical Structures
Tchesa, G., & Shintani, N. (2024) · Language Matters · doi:10.1080/10228195.2024.2336448 · Cited by 4
Exploring proportions of spontaneous and goal-directed self-talk – It is not always the one or the other
Fritsch, J., Nonnenmann, J., Engelmann, N., Latinjak, A. T., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., & Jekauc, D. (2024) · Psychology of sport and exercise · doi:10.1016/j.psychsport.2024.102704 · Cited by 6
Female officials in Europe and their sport’s diversity climate
Cunningham, G. B., Webb, T., & Wicker, P. V. (2024) · European Sport Management Quarterly · doi:10.1080/16184742.2024.2391843 · Cited by 5
“We used restricted maximum likelihood estimation (Heck et al., 2013).”
Development of classroom management competencies throughout teacher education: a longitudinal study
Bauersfeld, J. L., Gold, B., & Holodynski, M. (2025) · Teacher Development · doi:10.1080/13664530.2025.2455113 · Cited by 8
“To account for interindividual differences, we allowed free estimation of parameter variances and covariances in the random effects model (Heck, Thomas, and Tabata 2013).”
Impact of Authentic Leadership on Nurses’ Ethically Oriented Practices and Patient‐Oriented Outcomes: A Multilevel Analysis
Metwally, D., Bakari, H., & Metwally, M. (2025) · Journal of Nursing Management · doi:10.1155/jonm/5336957 · Cited by 5
“According to Heck et al. [122], the value of ICC (0.05) is often regarded as the rough cutof for the evidence of signifcant clustering.”
Influential
Tjue år med TIMSS og PISA i Norge
Bergem, O. K., Björnsson, J. K., Blömeke, S., Hatlevik, O. E., Jensen, F., Kaarstein, H., Kjærnsli, M., Mork, S. M., Nilsen, T., Olsen, R. V., et al. (2018) · Universitetsforlaget eBooks · doi:10.18261/9788215030067-2018 · Cited by 13
Evaluating the Implementation and Effectiveness of the SWITCH–MS: An Ecological, Multi-Component Adolescent Obesity Prevention Intervention
Chen, S., Rosenkranz, R. R., McLoughlin, G. M., Vazou, S., Lanningham‐Foster, L., Gentile, D. A., & Dzewaltowski, D. A. (2020) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph17155401 · Cited by 4
Pediatric emergency department shift experiences and moods: An exploratory sequential mixed‐methods study
Assaf, R. R., Pham, P. K., Schmidt, A. R., Gorab, A., Chang, T. P., & Liu, D. R. (2021) · AEM Education and Training · doi:10.1002/aet2.10572 · Cited by 4
Examining the association between group context effects and individual outcomes in an interdisciplinary group-based treatment for chronic pain based on acceptance and commitment therapy
Gilpin, H. R., Ratanachatchuchai, S., Novelli, D., McCracken, L. M., & Scott, W. (2022) · British Journal of Pain · doi:10.1177/20494637211073012 · Cited by 4
“05 have been suggested as a cut-off for pursuing multilevel analyses.(45) For the linear mixed effects models, a variance components matrix and maximum likelihood estimation were used.”
Method
Development, Construct Validation, and Normalization of a New Early Childhood Self-Regulation Assessment Scale
Boyer, W. A. R. (2022) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-022-01310-9 · Cited by 10
The effects of a sleep robot intervention on sleep, depression and anxiety in adults with insomnia – A randomized waitlist-controlled trial
Støre, S. J., Tillfors, M., Wästlund, E., Angelhoff, C., Andersson, G., & Norell‐Clarke, A. (2022) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2022.05.822 · Cited by 4
Consumer complaint intentions: the impact of general and specific self-confidence
Öney, E., & Aghaei, İ. (2022) · Journal of Marketing Analytics · doi:10.1057/s41270-022-00203-5 · Cited by 4
A randomized controlled trial of the effectiveness of teacher continued professional development on student language outcomes
Sandgren, O., Andersson, K., Åhlander, V. L., Rosqvist, I., Hansson, K., & Sahlén, B. S. (2022) · International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders · doi:10.1111/1460-6984.12829 · Cited by 10
A Quasi-Experimental, Longitudinal Study of Grade Retention on Language Outcomes for English Language Learners
Buckmaster, J., Urick, A., & Ford, T. G. (2023) · Journal of Education for Students Placed at Risk (JESPAR) · doi:10.1080/10824669.2023.2202324 · Cited by 4
“A multilevel growth model was utilized to analyze the effects of student characteristics, including retained (treatment) versus promoted (matched control), on language outcomes over seven years (see Heck, Thomas & Tabata, 2013).”
The Impact of Teachers’ Contemplative Training on Classroom Discussions of Controversial Issues—a Cluster-Randomized Active-Control Trial
Godeano-Barr, S., Reifen‐Tagar, M., Tarrasch, R., & Levit‐Binnun, N. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02205-5 · Cited by 5
The effect of coach dismissal on team performance and match physical demands in Spanish professional soccer leagues
Ponce-Bordón, J. C., López-Gajardo, M. Á., Fernández-Navarro, J., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2023.2278370 · Cited by 4
Flexicurity and self-perceived work–life balance in the EU27: A repeated cross-sectional multilevel analysis
Ferent-Pipas, M., & Lazăr, D. (2023) · Economic and Industrial Democracy · doi:10.1177/0143831x231213024 · Cited by 4
Stylohyoid and Posterior Digastric Recruitment Pattern Evaluation in Swallowing and Non-swallowing Tasks
Mialland, A., Atallah, I., & Bonvilain, A. (2024) · IRBM · doi:10.1016/j.irbm.2024.100823 · Cited by 4
Self‐regulatory consequences of observing others making goal progress: A longitudinal field study in weight loss groups
Reynolds, J. P., Webb, T. L., McCulloch, K. C., & Fitzsimons, G. M. (2019) · British Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjhp.12389 · Cited by 4
Schülervorstellungen in einem inquiry-orientierten Sachunterricht verändern – Besteht ein Zusammenhang mit der Förderung adäquaten Schlussfolgerns?
Grimm, H., Todorova, M., & Möller, K. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Didaktik der Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/s40573-020-00110-1 · Cited by 6
“…stellt die Veränderungsrate für ein Zeitintervall dar und wird über die Zeit als konstant zwischen Prä und Post sowie Post und Follow-Up angesehen, wohingegen der quadratische Term die Veränderung in der Änderungsrate (verlangsamend oder beschleunigend) über die Zeit abbildet (Heck et al. 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
How Can Respectfulness in Medical Professionals Be Increased? A Complex But Important Question
Clucas, C., & Claire, L. S. (2016) · Journal of Bioethical Inquiry · doi:10.1007/s11673-016-9758-5 · Cited by 4
Using position data to estimate effects of perceptual features of play on passing decisions in soccer
Steiner, S., Rauh, S., Rumo, M., et al. (2018) · Current Issues in Sport Science (CISS) · doi:10.15203/ciss_2018.009 · Cited by 4
THE EFFICACY OF COMBINING ADVANCED PLATELET-RICH FIBRIN TO BIPHASIC ALLOPLAST IN MANAGEMENT OF INTRABONY DEFECTS (RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL)
Ghonima, J. K., Rashidy, M. E. D. E., Kotry, G. S., et al. (2020) · Alexandria Dental Journal · doi:10.21608/adjalexu.2020.86766 · Cited by 4
“Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS statistical software (version 23) (IBM SPSS Collaboration and Deployment Services)(30).”
Method
Just do something: An experimental investigation of brief interventions for reducing the negative impact of post-event processing in social anxiety disorder
Gavric, D., Cameron, D., Waechter, S., Moscovitch, D. A., McCabe, R. E., & Rowa, K. (2023) · Journal of Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.janxdis.2023.102744 · Cited by 4
Do Attachment, Educator Characteristics and Youth–Educator Relationship Matter in 6‐Month Changes of Institutionalized Adolescents?
Muzi, S., Rogier, G., Bizzi, F., & Pace, C. S. (2024) · Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy · doi:10.1002/cpp.3059 · Cited by 3
Unveiling the moderating effect of class problematic mobile phone use on learning burnout and state boredom: A linear mixed-effects model
Li, C., Qu, L., Chen, Y., Li, X., & Cheng, G. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.113017 · Cited by 5
Does multiplication always make bigger? Exploring individual differences in NanoRoboMath game play
Kärki, T., Halme, H., Hannula‐Sormunen, M. M., et al. (2025) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2025.102643 · Cited by 3
The effects of an app to prevent negative outcomes of cyberbullying: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Høgsdal, H., Kaiser, S., Mabille, G., Breivik, K., Adolfsen, F., Martinussen, M., & Kyrrestad, H. (2025) · PLOS Digital Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pdig.0000819 · Cited by 4
Effects of multi-turn xu-based comparative continuation writing on the development of phraseological complexity: A bigram-based longitudinal study
Gao, W., & Xu, B. (2025) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2025.103720 · Cited by 3

Authors: Heck, R. H.
Corresponding author: Heck, Ronald H.
ORCID: Heck, Ronald H.
Venue: Routledge eBooks
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2013-08-22
DOI: 10.4324/9780203701249
OpenAlex: W4302348542
Cited by: 774
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6
FWCI: 7.23
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: multilevel modeling, longitudinal modeling, growth trajectories, covariance structure, personal transformation, regression discontinuity design, quasi-experimental design, missing data, sampling weights, cross-classified data, multivariate outcomes, organizational change

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