Cited by 774Statistical Methods and Bayesian InferenceSpatial and Panel Data AnalysisStatistical Methods and Applications

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Multilevel and Longitudinal Modeling with IBM SPSS

Heck, Ronald H.·2013·Routledge eBooks

DOI 10.4324/9780203701249

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Abstract

This book demonstrates how to use multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques available in the IBM SPSS mixed-effects program (MIXED). Annotated screen shots provide readers with a step-by-step understanding of each technique and navigating the program. Readers learn how to set up, run, and interpret a variety of models. Diagnostic tools, data management issues, and related graphics are introduced throughout. Annotated syntax is also available for those who prefer this approach. Extended examples illustrate the logic of model development to show readers the rationale of the research questions and the steps around which the analyses are structured. The data used in the text and syntax examples are available at www.routledge.com/9780415817110. Highlights of the new edition include: Updated throughout to reflect IBM SPSS Version 21. Further coverage of growth trajectories, coding time-related variables, covariance structures, individual change and longitudinal experimental designs (Ch.5). Extended discussion of other types of research designs for examining change (e.g., regression discontinuity, quasi-experimental) over time (Ch.6). New examples specifying multiple latent constructs and parallel growth processes (Ch. 7). Discussion of alternatives for dealing with missing data and the use of sample weights within multilevel data structures (Ch.1). The book opens with the conceptual and methodological issues associated with multilevel and longitudinal modeling, followed by a discussion of SPSS data management techniques which facilitate working with multilevel, longitudinal, and cross-classified data sets. Chapters 3 and 4 introduce the basics of multilevel modeling: developing a multilevel model, interpreting output, and trouble-shooting common programming and modeling problems. Models for investigating individual and organizational change are presented in chapters 5 and 6, followed by models with multivariate outcomes in chapter 7. Chapter 8 provides an illustration of multilevel models with cross-classified data structures. The book concludes with ways to expand on the various multilevel and longitudinal modeling techniques and issues when conducting multilevel analyses. It's ideal for courses on multilevel and longitudinal modeling, multivariate statistics, and research design taught in education, psychology, business, and sociology.

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Items 501–600 of 708

Coach and teacher alignment in the context of educational change
Smith, E. P., & Desimone, L. M. (2025) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-025-09528-1 · Cited by 3
“Additionally, accounting for clustering tends to reduce Type I errors regardless (Heck et al., 2013 ), supporting the use of HLM despite this limitation.”
Examining the Effect of Background Music on Learners’ Attention and Cognition in Virtual Reality Environments: A Psychophysiological Study
Que, Y. P., & Hu, X. (2025) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2025.2505778 · Cited by 3
“To answer RQ2, different random-slope (RS) models in hierarchical linear modelling (HLM) (Heck et al., 2013) were adopted to investigate the moderation effects of individual characteristics on the relationships between BGM condition and self-reports, EEG, eye movements, and HR/HRV measures.”
Influential
Learning to read in first grade through a reading tutor that employs automatic speech recognition
Bai, Y., Hubers, F., Catia Cucchiarini, A., van Hout, R. W. N. M., & Strik, H. (2025) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09860-8 · Cited by 3
“Following recommendations from Heck, Thomas, and Tabata Heck et al. (2014), variables were selected based on their theoretical relevance to the study’s research questions.”
Factors affecting NBA game performance over the course of a season
Russell, J. L., McLean, B. D., Stolp, S., Strack, D. S., & Coutts, A. J. (2025) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2025.2567778 · Cited by 4
“(Heck et al., 2013) Models using performance based dependent variable assessed only starters and rotation players (Russell et al., 2021a) and those cases with more than 2 minutes of game time and made a defensive or offensive attempt.”
Individual Factors and Innovative Work Behaviours: The Influence of Organisational Culture
Cavaliere, V. F., & Mori, M. (2025) · Creativity and Innovation Management · doi:10.1111/caim.70019 · Cited by 3
Fear of crime and Roma integration
Daskalopoulou, I., Karakitsiou, A., & Malliou, C. (2022) · Journal of Policy Modeling · doi:10.1016/j.jpolmod.2022.03.005 · Cited by 3
Exploring the Interpersonal Level of Music Performance Anxiety: Online Listener’s Accuracy in Detecting Performer Anxiety
Chang-Arana, Á. M., Mavrolampados, A., Thompson, M. R., Pokki, N., & Sams, M. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.838041 · Cited by 3
Acute changes in affective valence and perceived distress predict reductions in PTSD symptom severity
Whitworth, J. W., SantaBarbara, N. J., Nosrat, S., Pebole, M. M., Cripe, B. G., & McKeon, G. (2023) · Mental health and physical activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2023.100523 · Cited by 3
Capturing growth curves of medical students' clinical skills performance
Colbert‐Getz, J. M., Lappé, K., Gerstenberger, J. P., Milne, C. K., & Raaum, S. E. (2023) · The Clinical Teacher · doi:10.1111/tct.13623 · Cited by 4
Multilevel modeling analysis of bottle feeding and its determinants among children 0–23 months in East Africa: evidence from recent DHS data (2015–2022)
Terefe, B., Habtie, A., & Chekole, B. (2024) · International Breastfeeding Journal · doi:10.1186/s13006-024-00629-w · Cited by 3
“For individual i in community j, the model can be represented as [23, 24]:”
Method
What About the Influence of Outdoor Quality on Preschoolers’ Cognitive and Social Skills?
Rodrigues, B. C., & Hestenes, L. (2024) · Early Education and Development · doi:10.1080/10409289.2024.2389364 · Cited by 2
“In this analytical technique, the number of clusters determines statistical power (Heck et al., 2014).”
Understanding multilevel organizing: a focus of customer satisfaction on firm performance
Sharma, U., Hult, G. T. M., Morgeson, F. V., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Marketing Theory and Practice · doi:10.1080/10696679.2024.2431237 · Cited by 3
“…at the lower levels is appropriate when the model involves cross-level interactions because the higher-level predictors that moderate lower-level relationship(s) are not affected by within-group adjustments, which is a concern with grand mean centering at lower levels (e.g. Heck et al., 2013).”
Daily associations between sleep and alcohol use among veterans: Acute and cumulative effects
Miller, M. B., Wycoff, A. M., Tracy, E. L., Moskal, K. R., Borsari, B. E., Bartholow, B. D., Steinley, D., & McCrae, C. S. (2025) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16770 · Cited by 3
Road traffic accidents and its determinants among Kenyan households: analysis of the 2022 national health survey using multilevel modeling
Terefe, B., Jembere, M. M., & Liyew, B. (2025) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-025-23605-3 · Cited by 3
“Null model For individual i in community j, the model can be represented as [41, 42]: Where: Y ij is the RTAs or injury status of i th a household member in the j th cluster, µ 00 = is the intercept; that is the probability of having RTAs in the absence of explanatory variables, µ 0j =…”
Multilevel Models for Multilevel Network Dependencies
Tranmer, M., & Lazega, E. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-24520-1_5 · Cited by 3
The Educational Return on Investment Commitment: Using Predictive Analytics and Financial Aid to Leverage Retention
Duser, K. V., & Tanabe, C. S. (2018) · Journal of College Student Retention Research Theory & Practice · doi:10.1177/1521025118814164 · Cited by 3
Practices Derived from the Evidence Base for Depression Predict Disruptive Behavior Progress in Adolescent Community Mental Health Care
Wilkie, D. P., & Mueller, C. W. (2020) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-020-01068-5 · Cited by 3
A Multi-Rater Latent Growth Curve Model
Soland, J. G., & Kuhfeld, M. R. (2021) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2021.1925076 · Cited by 3
Rates of neuromuscular excitation during cycling in Parkinson's disease compared to healthy young and older adults
Daniels, R. J., & Knight, C. A. (2021) · Clinical Biomechanics · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2021.105488 · Cited by 2
Taking a step towards understanding interactions between teacher efficacy in behavior management and the social learning environment: a two-level multilevel analysis
Bapst, M. S., Genoud, P. A., & Hascoët, M. (2022) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-022-00647-4 · Cited by 3
Examining Unique Associations of Social Anxiety and Depression on Behaviorally Assessed Affective Empathy
Alvi, T., Rosenfield, D., Sunahara, C. S., Wallmark, Z., Lee, J., & Tabak, B. A. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026221104735 · Cited by 3
“Before running the GLMM, we first reversed the affect-sharing scale to make it positively skewed and then performed GLMM with a log link and a gamma distribution, which is recommended for positively skewed data (Heck et al., 2014).”
Method
Peer Justice and the Individual
Estreder, Y., Álvarez, P., Martínez‐Tur, V., Cropanzano, R., & Tomás-Marco, I. (2023) · Journal of Business and Psychology · doi:10.1007/s10869-023-09877-9 · Cited by 4
“To examine our hypotheses, we used growth modeling (Duncan et al., 2013), computing hierarchical linear models with SPSS 24 (see Heck et al., 2013).”
Establishing class size policies for optimal course outcomes in online undergraduate education programs
Gibbs, N. P., Sloat, E. F., Amrein-Beardsley, A., Cha, D.-J., Mulerwa, O., & Beck, M. (2023) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079.2023.2216725 · Cited by 3
Zebrafish optomotor response to second-order motion illustrates that age-related changes in motion detection depend on the activated motion system
Karaduman, A., Karoglu-Eravsar, E. T., Kaya, U., Aydin, A., Adams, M. M., & Kafalıgönül, H. (2023) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.06.005 · Cited by 4
Stability of blood lead levels in children with low-level lead absorption
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“25 threshold criteria [39] and a Level 2 Individual Growth Curve model with time as a random effect was calculated; the SUBJECTS option was used to model each subject’s set of random parameters for the repeated effect of time, with an unstructured covariance matrix [33, 39, 42].”
Method
“Have to do” or “willing to do”: Examining the relationship between self-control and academic emotions using experience sampling method
Liu, Z.-J., Hu, J. F., Tian, Y., & Xi, Y.-T. (2023) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20598 · Cited by 5
Estructura psicológica del bienestar docente: justificación de un modelo situado
Dávila, J., Martínez, J. A. H., & Leal-Soto, F. (2023) · Revista de Psicodidáctica · doi:10.1016/j.psicod.2023.11.001 · Cited by 5
Finding a secure base: Exploring children’s attachment behaviors with professional caregivers during the first months of daycare
Macagno, A., & Molina, P. (2024) · Infant Behavior and Development · doi:10.1016/j.infbeh.2023.101919 · Cited by 3
The Democratic Value of Strategic Game Reporting and Uncivil Talk: A Computational Analysis of Facebook Conversations During U.S. Primary Debates
Camaj, L., Hellmueller, L., Vera, S. V., & Lindner, P. (2024) · Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly · doi:10.1177/10776990231226403 · Cited by 3
Too Privileged to Move? Neighbourhood Perception and Relocation Intention in China's Gated Communities
Li, C., & He, S. (2024) · Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie · doi:10.1111/tesg.12616 · Cited by 3
Cross‐notation knowledge of rational numbers predicts fraction arithmetic
Ching, B. H., Li, X. Y., & Chen, T. T. (2024) · British Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjep.12674 · Cited by 3
The Academic Support Programs for Alleviating Educational Inequality for Low-SES Children in Japan
Takashiro, N. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87624-1_412-1 · Cited by 3
Therapeutic Focus on Strengths is Associated with Improved Functioning and Higher Clinical Progress in Children’s Public Mental Health Care
Turner, E. H., & Mueller, C. W. (2025) · Community Mental Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10597-024-01445-6 · Cited by 6
Rethinking the rollercoaster: Resilience and affect in entrepreneurship
Zettel, L. A. (2025) · Strategic Entrepreneurship Journal · doi:10.1002/sej.1533 · Cited by 4
Telework During and After COVID‐19: The Role of FSSB and Boundary Management in Teleworkers' Well‐Being
Carvalho, V. S., Estreder, Y., Chambel, M. J., & Castanheira, F. (2025) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.70019 · Cited by 7
Does Fiscal Decentralization in Education Funding Affect Equity?
Meoded, R., & BenDavid‐Hadar, I. (2025) · State and Local Government Review · doi:10.1177/0160323x251339424 · Cited by 3
“Specifically, a two-level model is employed, whereby the fiscal budget year is grouped within LAs, allowing residuals to be accounted for at both the time and LA levels (Heck, Thomas, and Tabata 2013).”
Influential
Preparing for the worst: identifying predictors of school decline as an improvement initiative
Meyers, C. V., Wronowski, M. L., & VanGronigen, B. A. (2021) · Educational Assessment Evaluation and Accountability · doi:10.1007/s11092-020-09349-1 · Cited by 4
“mathematics quintile over time, which also allowed for examining effects of school characteristics on the rate of change in ELA and mathematics quintile (Heck et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Exploring perceived innovativeness in Central America and the Caribbean: cross-level interactions of perceived camaraderie, organizational camaraderie climate, and organizational gender diversity
Ramsey, J. R., Lorenz, M. P., Liu, J. T., Posthuma, R. A., & González-Brambila, C. N. (2021) · The International Journal of Human Resource Management · doi:10.1080/09585192.2021.1893786 · Cited by 4
“Following established procedures to evaluate the appropriateness of multilevel modelling (Heck et al., 2014; Raudenbush & Bryk, 2002), we established null models without predictors in order to estimate the amount of variance in perceived innovativeness predicted by organizations and countries…”
Method
The differing impact of household income on firm emergence by heterogeneous start-up configuration
Nunez, E. (2015) · New England journal of entrepreneurship · doi:10.1108/neje-18-02-2015-b003 · Cited by 3
Therapeutischer Aufwand in stationärer oder tagesklinischer Behandlung und Therapieerfolg bei Patienten mit depressiven Störungen
von Wietersheim, J., Knoblauch, J. D., Rottler, E., Weiß, H., Hartmann, A., Rochlitz, P., Völker, A., Scheidt, C. E., Beutel, M. E., Eckhardt‐Henn, A., et al. (2019) · PPmP - Psychotherapie · Psychosomatik · Medizinische Psychologie · doi:10.1055/a-1038-4708 · Cited by 3
Multi-level factors affecting immediate and delayed concept recall in concept mapping with adult learners
Roessger, K. M., Moy, G. E., Phan, T.-V., Campbell, H., & Parker, D. A. (2020) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2020.1806211 · Cited by 3
Multi-informant Implementation and Intervention Outcomes of Opioid Overdose Education and Naloxone Distribution in New York City
Brandt, L., Yanagida, T., Campbell, A. N. C., Jones, J. D., Schultes, M.-T., Martinez, S., & Comer, S. D. (2021) · Global Implementation Research and Applications · doi:10.1007/s43477-021-00021-4 · Cited by 3
Stress im Unterricht? Prozessanalysen zu Interaktionseffekten unterrichtlicher Anforderungen und individueller Ressourcenbewertungen auf physische und psychische Stresssymptome von Berufsschüler/innen
Kärner, T., & Warwas, J. (2018) · Unterrichtswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s42010-018-0014-z · Cited by 3
Maternal dynamic respiratory sinus arrhythmia during toddlers’ interactions with novelty
Kiel, E. J., Phelps, R. A., & Brooker, R. J. (2021) · Infancy · doi:10.1111/infa.12392 · Cited by 5
Promoting physical activity in socially vulnerable groups : a mixed method evaluation in multiple community-based physical activity programs
Herens, M. C. (2016) · doi:10.18174/380446 · Cited by 4
Effectiveness of a universal school-based intervention for reducing internalizing problems in irish primary school children: A cluster randomized control trial.
Clancy, A., O’Connor, M., Murphy, E., Connaughton, L., & O’Reilly, G. (2024) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/01430343231216971 · Cited by 2
When does perceived coach autonomy support enhances change in athletes’ subjective vitality? The multilevel moderating role of grateful climate
Chen, L. H., Ni, Y.-L., Kuo, C., & Hsu, S. (2024) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2024.2362434 · Cited by 2
Putative risk and resiliency factors after an augmented training program for preventing posttraumatic stress injuries among public safety personnel from diverse sectors
Khoury, J. M. B., Teckchandani, T. A., Nisbet, J., Stewart, S. H., Asmundson, G. J. G., Afifi, T. O., McCarron, M. C. E., Krätzig, G. P., Sauer-Zavala, S. E., Neary, J. P., et al. (2024) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2024.2420636 · Cited by 4
Compassionate mind training for university students – A randomized controlled trial
Andersson, C., Støre, S. J., Säldebjer, H., Gunnarsson, M., Bergsten, K. L., & Osika, W. (2024) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2024.104678 · Cited by 4
Effect of transcutaneous vagus nerve stimulation with electrical stimulation on generalized anxiety disorder: Study protocol for an assessor-participant blinded, randomized sham-controlled trial
Lai, J., Liu, J. H., Zhang, L., Cao, J., Yang, H., Zhang, L., Fang, J., & Wang, X. T. (2025) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2025.e42469 · Cited by 4
Sex(ism) doesn't sell: Disentangling the effects of nudity and sexism in advertising
Hertel, M., Palla, L., & Wolff, H. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104909 · Cited by 3
Heterogeneity of early-onset conduct problems: assessing different profiles, predictors and outcomes across childhood
Díaz-Vázquez, B., Álvarez-Voces, M., Romero, E., & López‐Romero, L. (2025) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-025-00897-2 · Cited by 2
Why some are less willing to share: Competitive domains and knowledge transfer in multi-unit organizations
Andersson, U. R., Benito, G. R. G., Lunnan, R., & Tomassen, S. (2025) · Long Range Planning · doi:10.1016/j.lrp.2025.102537 · Cited by 3
How green is my party? Programmatic stances towards environmental protection in Europe
Grzymała-Busse, A. M., Jabkowski, P., & Baranowski, M. (2025) · Party Politics · doi:10.1177/13540688251362003 · Cited by 2
“Since there is only a small difference between countries, it is unnecessary to include any country-level contextual variables to explain differences between countries (see the recommendation by Heck et al. (2013)).”
Understanding the interplay between epidemiological and social cognitive drivers of behaviour change during the Covid-19 pandemic
McColl, K., Mueller, J. E., Martin-Lapoirie, D., Verger, P., Heyerdahl, L. W., Ventelou, B., Botelho-Nevers, É., & Raude, J. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14644-2 · Cited by 2
“The ICC was estimated at 0.117, i.e., a value above the threshold of 0.05, which is commonly considered as evidence of data clustering 59 .”
Influential
Examining intra-individual variability of ecological momentary assessment with multilevel modeling: A systematic review and recommendations for research and practice
Luna, C. M., Dai, S., Pagán, C. R., Liu, C., & Schmitter‐Edgecombe, M. (2025) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854046.2025.2592660 · Cited by 2
“…the underlying distributions of missingness, especially for MAR and MNAR, cannot be tested empirically, despite the existence of some tests such as Little’s MCAR test (Schafer & graham, 2002). guidance on handling missing data in intensive longitudinal MLM is limited (heck et al., 2013, Ch 1).”
Emotion Recognition in a Community Sample of Children: Unpacking the Contribution of Psychopathic Traits
Díaz-Vázquez, B., Álvarez-Voces, M., Sánchez-Vázquez, C., et al. (2026) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-025-01394-y · Cited by 2
Multilevel Models in International Business Research: Broadening the Scope of Application, and Further Reflections
Martín, X. (2019) · JIBS special collections · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-22113-3_25 · Cited by 2
Relations between the Socioeconomic Status of Secondary Students with Disabilities and Non-Academic Transition Behaviors
Hennessey, M. N., Herron, J. P., Martin, J. E., et al. (2020) · Exceptionality · doi:10.1080/09362835.2020.1772067 · Cited by 2
The impact of ideological positions and personal attributes of candidates in intraparty competition: A study under the Swiss open‐list PR System
Ortega, C., Rubalcaba, P. O., & Martín, Á. C. (2022) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/spsr.12549 · Cited by 2
Team Member Satisfaction, Teamwork Management, and Task Conflict: A Multilevel Model
Dimas, I. D., Alves, M. P., Rebelo, T., & Lourenço, P. R. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-37108-0_2 · Cited by 2
The effect of COVID-19 lockdown on ball possession performance in Spanish professional soccer leagues
Lobo-Triviño, D., Ponce-Bordón, J. C., García, J. D., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2023.2277579 · Cited by 2
Contribution of Affect and Cognition in Shaping Aesthetic Responses
Stojilović, I. Z. (2023) · Primenjena psihologija · doi:10.19090/pp.v16i2.2432 · Cited by 2
“We used multilevel modelling with crossed random effects analysis, with a within-subject and within-stimuli design (Chang & Lane, 2016; Heck et al., 2013; Hoffman, 2015).”
Method
U.S. Changes in Intimate Partner Violence During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cannon, C. E. B., First, J. M., Ranjit, Y. S., & Houston, J. B. (2024) · Journal of Loss and Trauma · doi:10.1080/15325024.2024.2366877 · Cited by 2
“…for repeated measures data since they use all available data, are flexible in handling missing data, can account for within subject correlations between the repeated measurements, and the assumption of homogeneity of variance across groups and time points is not necessary (e.g., Heck et al., 2013).”
Determinants of pneumococcal vaccination dropout among children aged 12–23 months in Ethiopia: a secondary analysis from the 2019 mini demographic and health survey
Assefa, A., Kiros, T., Erkihun, M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2024.1362900 · Cited by 2
RESOURCE COMMITMENT AND PARTNER SELECTION IN ASYMMETRIC CORPORATE-STARTUP COLLABORATIONS
Pauer, S., Matzler, K., & Herrmann, S. (2024) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s1363919624500269 · Cited by 4
Collective Psychological Ownership Leverages Feedback-Seeking for New Venture Performance
Kager, N. V., Sparr, J. L., & Grote, G. (2024) · The Journal of Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1177/09713557241281795 · Cited by 2
A Multilevel Model of Compassion in Healthcare Organizations
Román-Niaves, M. S., Angelis, M. D., Llorens, S., & Salanova, M. (2024) · Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.5093/jwop2024a13 · Cited by 2
Short-term mentalization-based therapy for common childhood mental disorders – a pilot quasi-randomised controlled trial
Thorén, A., Lindqvist, K., Nemirovski, J. P., & Mechler, J. (2025) · Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/13591045251316619 · Cited by 2
Predicting Youth Improvement in Community-Based Residential Settings with Practices Derived from the Evidence-Base
Izmirian, S. C., Chang, J. P., & Nakamura, B. J. (2019) · Administration and Policy in Mental Health and Mental Health Services Research · doi:10.1007/s10488-019-00925-2 · Cited by 2
Evaluating the Role of Parent-Child Interactive Groups in a Parent Training Program for Children with Externalizing and/or Internalizing Behavior Problems
Buchanan-Pascall, S., Melvin, G. A., Gordon, M. S., & Gray, K. M. (2019) · Parenting · doi:10.1080/15295192.2019.1642084 · Cited by 2
The Impact of Fdi Inflow on Ex-Yugoslav Countries’ Labour Markets
Perić, M. (2019) · International Scientific Conference FINIZ · doi:10.15308/finiz-2019-91-97 · Cited by 2
Using Hierarchical Linear Growth Modeling to Identify Longitudinally Outperforming School Districts in the United States, 2009–2013
Bowers, A. J., & Monroe, E. C. (2021) · Leadership and Policy in Schools · doi:10.1080/15700763.2021.1977330 · Cited by 2
Shared und Mutual Beliefs in der Lehrerinnen- und Lehrerbildung. Untersuchung über die Beliefs von Lehrerausbildenden bezüglich des Lehrens, Lernens und der Rolle der Lehrperson
Steinmann, S. (2021) · Waxmann Verlag GmbH eBooks · doi:10.31244/9783830994954 · Cited by 5
Does public employment foster or inhibit entrepreneurial intentions?
Zhao, M., Sheng, S., & Yang, X. (2022) · Asia Pacific Journal of Management · doi:10.1007/s10490-022-09852-7 · Cited by 4
“This nested data structure necessitates the use of multilevel modeling techniques, which can overcome the weaknesses of traditional regression models for analyzing hierarchical data (Heck et al., 2014).”
The development of self-perception of ability in Icelandic children with and without specific learning difficulties
Ragnarsdóttir, G. B., Pétursdóttir, A., Sigurðardóttir, Z. G., Stefánsson, K. K., & Óskarsdóttir, H. (2023) · European Journal of Psychology of Education · doi:10.1007/s10212-023-00688-3 · Cited by 4
“As multilevel linear modeling (MLM) does not require complete data across time points (Heck et al., 2013), the 2002 cohort was, due to convenience, invited to participate in Grade 8 to increase the statistical power of the study.”
Who calls for help? Assessing the reach of the Ohio preschool expulsion prevention partnership
Tebben, E., West, K. Y., Golden, L., Lang, S., & Yoon, S. (2023) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2023.10.007 · Cited by 2
Honor Endorsement in Male Youth: A General Risk Factor for Aggressive Behavior?
Kollek, M., & Soellner, R. (2023) · International Journal of Developmental Science · doi:10.3233/dev-230343 · Cited by 2
The effective and collective dose to patients undergoing abdominopelvic and trunk computed tomography examinations: A Belgian multicentre study
Roo, B. D., Stichelbaut, N., Hoste, P., Verstraete, K. L., & Bacher, K. (2018) · European Journal of Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.ejrad.2018.12.019 · Cited by 2
Small-Area Factors and Their Impact on Low Birth Weight—Results of a Birth Cohort Study in Bielefeld, Germany
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“The multilevel analysis represents a specific form of regression analysis which allows to examine context and individual factors simultaneously by applying a hierarchical system of regression equations (32).”
BackgroundMethod
Physical Activity Behaviour in 50- to 74-Year-Olds: Differences between Employed and Retired Individuals
Spiteri, K., de Caro, J. X., England, K., Calleja, N., Smith, L., Grafton, K., & Broom, D. R. (2021) · Journal of Ageing and Longevity · doi:10.3390/jal1010003 · Cited by 2
“PA as a continuous variable was considered the dependent variable [29].”
BackgroundMethod
Psychometric Properties of the Multidimensional Temperance Scale in Adolescents
García-Vázquez, F. I., Valdés‐Cuervo, A. A., Villarreal, A. G. N., Parra-Pérez, L. G., Durón-Ramos, M. F., & Fimbres-Celaya, D. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312727 · Cited by 2
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“parameter estimates (Hox, 2002; Heck et al., 2010).”
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Goozée, R., Barrable, A., Ļubenko, J., et al. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/bm9g4 · Cited by 2
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Treatment Focus Diffusion is Associated with Long-term Outcomes in Youth Public Mental Health Care
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“An initial null two-level model did not support the use of MLM analyses as there was very little variance accounted for at the therapist level (3%; Heck et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethod
What do other people think he deserves? Social influence on utilization of mitigating information regarding a violent offender’s unfortunate life history
Gill, M. J., & Zungu, S. P. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0291729 · Cited by 1
Adolescents’ ethnic hate speech exposure and ethnic bullying perpetration: The moderating role of tolerance towards diversity and gender
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Longitudinal predictors of children's self-blame appraisals among military families reported for family violence
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“Poisson regression models are also suitable for a count outcome, but in this case, these were not an option as the criminal variety outcome variable was positively skewed and over-dispersed (Heck et al., 2013).”
Understanding Color Interaction Effects in Accommodation Listing Images
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Bidirectional links between sleep and pain among heavy-drinking veterans with insomnia
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“Multilevel modeling was used to examine within-(Level 1) and between-person (Level 2) effects of sleep variables on pain intensity and vice versa [35].”
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“27”
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“In the context of the current dataset, it was imperative to consider that students sharing the same classrooms had a significantly higher probability of providing highly correlated responses, as described by Heck et al. (2013).”
A multilevel analysis of the factors associated with minimum acceptable diets among children aged 6–23 months in Lesotho: a study of the Lesotho Multiple Cluster Indicator 2018
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“The interclass correlation (ICC) of 0.054 and chi-square value of 19.91 with a p-value of 0.0000 from the null model provided evidence of clustering [27].”
Influential
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“As seen in the previous study with a methodological-testing research focus (Gunnars, 2024a), stress values of the smartbands are most likely intended to high-light exertion levels through electrodermal activity readings, as the attribute presented summarized and intuitive integer values.”
Influential
The clinical efficacy of psychological interventions for bipolar depression: a systematic review and individual patient data (IPD) meta-analysis
Yilmaz, S., Huguet, A., Kisely, S. R., Rao, S., Wang, J., Price, M., Morriss, R. K., Inder, M., Perich, T., & Wright, K. A. (2025) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291725001023 · Cited by 1

Authors: Heck, R. H.
Corresponding author: Heck, Ronald H.
ORCID: Heck, Ronald H.
Venue: Routledge eBooks
Publisher: Routledge
Published: 2013-08-22
DOI: 10.4324/9780203701249
OpenAlex: W4302348542
Cited by: 774
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 33 · 2025: 61 · 2024: 72 · 2023: 92 · 2022: 80 · 2021: 85 · 2020: 62 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 71 · 2016: 53 · 2015: 22 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 6
FWCI: 7.23
Type: book
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics: Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Spatial and Panel Data Analysis
Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
Keywords: multilevel modeling, longitudinal modeling, growth trajectories, covariance structure, personal transformation, regression discontinuity design, quasi-experimental design, missing data, sampling weights, cross-classified data, multivariate outcomes, organizational change

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