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Effect Sizes for Research
Abstract
Noted for its comprehensive coverage, this greatly expanded new edition now covers the use of univariate and multivariate effect sizes. Many measures and estimators are reviewed along with their application, interpretation, and limitations. Noted for its practical approach, the book features numerous examples using real data for a variety of variables and designs, to help readers apply the material to their own data. Tips on the use of SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus are provided. The book's broad disciplinary appeal results from its inclusion of a variety of examples from psychology, medicine, education, and other social sciences. Special attention is paid to confidence intervals, the statistical assumptions of the methods, and robust estimators of effect sizes. The extensive reference section is appreciated by all. With more than 40% new material, highlights of the new editon include: three new multivariate chapters covering effect sizes for analysis of covariance, multiple regression/correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance more learning tools in each chapter including introductions, summaries, "Tips and Pitfalls" and more conceptual and computational questions more coverage of univariate effect sizes, confidence intervals, and effect sizes for repeated measures to reflect their increased use in research more software references for calculating effect sizes and their confidence intervals including SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus the data used in the book are now provided on the web along with new data and suggested calculations with IBM SPSS syntax for computational practice. Effect Sizes for Research covers standardized and unstandardized differences between means, correlational measures, strength of association, and parametric and nonparametric measures for between- and within-groups data. Intended as a resource for professionals, researchers, and advanced students in a variety of fields, this book is also an excellent supplement for advanced statistics courses in psychology, education, the social sciences, business, and medicine. A prerequisite of introductory statistics through factorial analysis of variance and chi-square is recommended.
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“An accepted measure of effect size for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is Cliff ' s delta measure, also known as Cliff ' s dominance measure (Grissom, 2015; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
From Increasing high school teachers self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice (2020) · cites this paper as Grissom & Kim, 2012
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Items 101–200 of 474
Niehorster, D. C., Cornelissen, T. H. W., Holmqvist, K., & Hooge, I. T. C. (2018) · Attention Perception & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-018-01640-0 · Cited by 35
“Following Grissom and Kim (2012), effect sizes for the Wilcoxon signed-rank test were indicated using the measure PSdep = n+/N, where n+ is the number of positive difference scores out of a total of N.”
MethodBootstrap Confidence Intervals for Multilevel Standardized Effect Size
Lai, M. H. C. (2020) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2020.1746902 · Cited by 41
Personalization of serious games for learning
Bontchev, B., Terzieva, V. T., & Paunova-Hubenova, E. (2021) · Interactive Technology and Smart Education · doi:10.1108/itse-05-2020-0069 · Cited by 43
Loredo, V. M., Hermida, J. R. F., Carballo, J. L., & Fernández‐Artamendi, S. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.05.003 · Cited by 41
Martín-Fernández, M., Gracia, E., & Lila, M. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032231 · Cited by 35
Recommending API Function Calls and Code Snippets to Support Software Development
Nguyen, P. T., Rocco, J. D., Sipio, C. D., Ruscio, D. D., & Penta, M. D. (2021) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2021.3059907 · Cited by 37
Suh, M., Tovchigrechko, A., Thovarai, V., Rolfe, M. A., Torralba, M., Wang, J., Adkins, J., Webb‐Robertson, B., Osborne, W., Cogen, F. R., et al. (2015) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/acs.jproteome.5b00052 · Cited by 36
Sample size requirements for the design of reliability studies: precision consideration
Shieh, G. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0415-1 · Cited by 39
Asken, B., Brooke, Z. S., Stevens, T., Silvestri, P. G., Graham, M. J., Jaffee, M. S., & Clugston, J. (2018) · Annals of Biomedical Engineering · doi:10.1007/s10439-018-2088-5 · Cited by 33
Feingold, A. (2019) · The Quantitative Methods for Psychology · doi:10.20982/tqmp.15.2.p096 · Cited by 34
Demir, Ö., & Seferoğlu, S. S. (2020) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/0735633120949787 · Cited by 34
“When the results were found to be statistically significant, the ETA square ( g 2 ) among the effect size measurements was calculated following the recommendations of Grissom and Kim (2012).”
MethodOkada, K. (2016) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-016-0760-y · Cited by 34
Hein, T. P., Gong, Z., Ivanova, M., Fedele, T., Nikulin, V. V., & Ruiz, M. H. (2023) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-023-04628-1 · Cited by 32
Jírovec, J., Musálek, M., & Mess, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2019.00153 · Cited by 33
Li, Y., Heuvinck, N., & Pandelaere, M. (2021) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1002/jcpy.1249 · Cited by 33
Parental Judgments of Early Childhood Intervention Personnel Practices
Bruder, M. B., & Dunst, C. J. (2014) · Topics in Early Childhood Special Education · doi:10.1177/0271121414522527 · Cited by 37
Ondersma, S. J., Svikis, D. S., Thacker, L. R., Beatty, J. R., & Lockhart, N. A. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.12389 · Cited by 33
“Effect sizes for days of use were calculated using the probability of superiority statistic, p ̂a;b 1⁄4 U nanb where U is the Mann–Whitney statistic and na and nb are the sample sizes in the two groups [48].”
MethodLavelli, M., Döge, P., & Bighin, M. (2015) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022115616870 · Cited by 35
“Effect sizes were calculated using the pooled variance of the two groups in comparison and n1 − 1 + n2 − 1 in the denominator (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodPengaruh Edukasi Kesehatan Mental Intensif Terhadap Stigma pada Pengguna Layanan Kesehatan Mental
Soebiantoro, J. (2017) · INSAN Jurnal Psikologi dan Kesehatan Mental · doi:10.20473/jpkm.v2i12017.1-21 · Cited by 52
Time-Varying Effect Sizes for Quadratic Growth Models in Multilevel and Latent Growth Modeling
Feingold, A. (2018) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2018.1547110 · Cited by 29
“Although standardized effect sizes are popular (Grissom & Kim, 2012), and especially useful in meta-analysis when the same constructs are measured differently across retrieved studies examining the same hypothesis (Borenstein, Hedges, Higgins, & Rothstein, 2009; Schmidt & Hunter, 2014), they have…”
BackgroundFernández-García, C.-M., Maulana, R., Inda-Caro, M., Helms-Lorenz, M., & García-Pérez, O. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00533 · Cited by 30
Ruiz, M. H., Maeß, B., ALTENMÜLLER, E. O., Curio, G., & Nikulin, V. V. (2017) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23722 · Cited by 32
Holincheck, N. M., & Galanti, T. M. (2023) · School Science and Mathematics · doi:10.1111/ssm.12610 · Cited by 38
Predictors of post-concussion symptom severity in a university-based concussion clinic
Houck, Z. M., Asken, B., Bauer, R., & Clugston, J. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1565897 · Cited by 29
“Effect size estimates for nonparametric analyseswere calculated using the common language effect size statistic, also known as a probability index (38).”
MethodEklund, J., Coad, L., Geldmann, J., & Cabeza, M. (2019) · Conservation Science and Practice · doi:10.1111/csp2.107 · Cited by 36
“…and due to the zero-inflated nonnormal distributions of the data, we compute the effect size as the frequency of pair comparisons in which the protected pixels avoid deforestation when their matched pairs do not (the probability of superiority for dependent groups: PSdep, Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodEffect of playing position and time on-court on activity profiles in german elite team handball
Büchel, D., Jakobsmeyer, R., Döring, M., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2019.1663071 · Cited by 30
“The magnitude of the e ff ect size was classi fi ed as: trivial ( ≤ 0.01), small (>0.01 to <0.06), moderate (>0.06 to <0.14) and large ( ≥ 0.14) (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
InfluentialSalminen, J. B., Koponen, T. K., Räsänen, P., & Aro, M. T. (2015) · Mathematical Thinking and Learning · doi:10.1080/10986065.2015.1083837 · Cited by 29
“For this reason, instead of effect size values, different benchmarks for interpreting the effectiveness (relevant to intervention, target population, and outcome measures) should be used (Grissom & Kim, 2012; Hill, Bloom, Black, & Lipsey, 2008).”
BackgroundMachine translation in the news
Vieira, L. N. (2020) · Translation Spaces · doi:10.1075/ts.00023.nun · Cited by 30
Szentes, B. L., Schultz, K., Nowak, D., Schüler, M., & Schwarzkopf, L. (2020) · BMC Pulmonary Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12890-020-01205-8 · Cited by 29
Baker, J. R., Kungl, A.-M., Pabst, J., Strauß, B., Büsch, D., & Schorer, J. (2013) · Laterality Asymmetries of Body Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1080/1357650x.2012.755992 · Cited by 29
“To test for differences between samples on their digit ratios, t-tests were calculated with Hedges’ g as the measure of effect size (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodA Comparative Investigation of Confidence Intervals for IndependentVariables in Linear Regression
Dudgeon, P. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2015.1121372 · Cited by 27
Effects of Balance Training on Balance Performance in Youth: Are There Age Differences?
Schedler, S., Brock, K., Fleischhauer, F., Kiss, R., & Muehlbauer, T. (2020) · Research Quarterly for Exercise and Sport · doi:10.1080/02701367.2019.1676371 · Cited by 29
“Finally, the pa.b-value (Grissom & Kim, 2012) was calculated as an effect size measure for ordinal scaled data by dividing the Mann-Whitney-U statistics by the product of the two sample sizes (i.e., BT children × CON children, BT adolescents × CON adolescents).”
MethodInquiry-Based Chemistry Education in a High-Context Culture: a Qatari Case Study
Qureshi, S. S., Vishnumolakala, V. R., Southam, D. C., et al. (2016) · International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education · doi:10.1007/s10763-016-9735-9 · Cited by 28
Eleazer, C. D., & Kelso, R. S. (2018) · Anatomical Sciences Education · doi:10.1002/ase.1766 · Cited by 31
“…using Mann-Whitney U-tests between successful and unsuccessful students in three human anatomy courses; aEffect sizes are calculated following Grissom and Kim (2012); Italicized font represents the techniques significantly different between successful and unsuccessful students in all three…”
MethodKey words when text forms the unit of study
Jeaco, S. (2020) · International Journal of Corpus Linguistics · doi:10.1075/ijcl.18053.jea · Cited by 27
From means to meaning in the study of sex/gender differences and similarities
Sanchis‐Segura, C., & Wilcox, R. R. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2024.101133 · Cited by 36
“In fact, the overreliance on mean comparisons has led to 9 Probability of Superiority (PS) is one of the many names used to designate a series of estimators of the probability that the values of a group “ A ” are higher than those coming from another group “ B ” (Grissom and Kim, 2012).”
BackgroundHippocampus contributes to the maintenance but not the quality of visual information over timePreprint
Warren, D. E., Duff, M. C., Cohen, N. J., & Tranel, D. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.037127.114 · Cited by 27
Actor-Driven Decomposition of Microservices through Multi-level Scalability Assessment
Camilli, M., Colarusso, C., Russo, B., & Zimeo, E. (2023) · ACM Transactions on Software Engineering and Methodology · doi:10.1145/3583563 · Cited by 27
Intentional thought dynamics during exercise performed until volitional exhaustion
Balagué, N., Hristovski, R., García‐Retortillo, S., Aragonés, D., Razón, S., & Tenenbaum, G. (2014) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2014.921833 · Cited by 26
“Effect sizes were calculated as PSdep measures (Grissom & Kim, 2012) because some of the analysed variables had no variance.”
MethodLocus of Control revisited: Development of a new bi-dimensional measure
Suárez‐Álvarez, J., Pedrosa, I., Garcı́a-Cueto, E., & Muñiz, J. (2016) · Anales de Psicología · doi:10.6018/analesps.32.2.200781 · Cited by 26
Dopaminergic Drug Effects on Probability Weighting during Risky Decision Making
Ojala, K. E., Janssen, L. K., Hashemi, M. M., Timmer, M. H. M., Geurts, D. E. M., ter Huurne, N. P., Cools, R., & Sescousse, G. (2018) · eNeuro · doi:10.1523/eneuro.0330-18.2018 · Cited by 25
“For effect sizes, we use the Common Language Effect sizes (CLE; Wuensch, 2015; Grissom and Kim, 2012) for intuitive interpretation.”
MethodSample size estimation for heterogeneous growth curve models with attrition
Vallejo, G., Ato, M., Fernández, P., & Livacic-Rojas, P. E. (2018) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-018-1059-y · Cited by 26
“For more detailed information about why heterogeneity occurs in intervention studies, see Grissom and Kim (2012).”
BackgroundImprovement on Social Representation of Climate Change through a Knowledge-Based MOOC in Spanish
Ferrari, E., Ballegeer, A.-M., Fuertes, M. Á., Teijón, P. H., Delgado, L., Corrochano, D., Andrés‐Sánchez, S., Pérez, K. M. B. I., García-Vinuesa, A., Cartea, P. Á. M., et al. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11226317 · Cited by 24
“In all cases, the calculation of the significance of the differences was accompanied with the calculation of the effect size based on the Cohen d-statistic [65,66].”
MethodComparison of Web-Based and Paper-Based Administration of ADHD Questionnaires for Adults
Hirsch, O., Hauschild, F., Schmidt, M. H., Baum, E., & Christiansen, H. (2013) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.2225 · Cited by 28
On the Effectiveness of LLM-as-a-Judge for Code Generation and Summarization
Crupi, G., Tufano, R., Velasco, A., Mastropaolo, A., Poshyvanyk, D., & Bavota, G. (2025) · IEEE Transactions on Software Engineering · doi:10.1109/tse.2025.3586082 · Cited by 55
Romano-Keeler, J., Shilts, M. H., Tovchigrechko, A., Wang, C., Brucker, R. M., Moore, D. J., Fonnesbeck, C., Meng, S., Correa, H., Lovvorn, H. N., et al. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0206366 · Cited by 25
Evaluation of keyness metrics: performance and reliability
Sönning, L. (2023) · Corpus Linguistics and Linguistic Theory · doi:10.1515/cllt-2022-0116 · Cited by 25
Interpreting effect sizes: Toward a quantitative cumulative social psychology
Stukas, A. A., & Cumming, G. (2014) · European Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1002/ejsp.2019 · Cited by 27
Trunk Compensation During Bimanual Reaching at Different Heights by Healthy and Hemiparetic Adults
Valdés, B. A., Glegg, S., & der Loos, H. F. M. V. (2016) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2016.1241748 · Cited by 25
Cabral, L., Afreixo, V. M. A., Meireles, R. P., Vaz, M., Chaves, C., Caetano, M., Almeida, L., & Paiva, J. A. (2018) · Burns & Trauma · doi:10.1186/s41038-018-0112-5 · Cited by 27
“Furthermore, the PS effect [25] was determined.”
Exploratory study of sport-related concussion effects on peripheral micro-RNA expression
Svingos, A., Asken, B., Bauer, R., Dekosky, S., Hromas, G. A., Jaffee, M. S., Hayes, R., & Clugston, J. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1573379 · Cited by 25
From Fantasy to Reality: The Role of Fantasy Sports in Sports Betting and Online Gambling
Houghton, D. M., Nowlin, E. L., & Walker, D. (2019) · Journal of Public Policy & Marketing · doi:10.1177/0743915619841365 · Cited by 24
Tirado, A. S., Esbrí, S. F., Forn, C., & Sanchis‐Segura, C. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1219012 · Cited by 33
Estimating Standardized Effect Sizes for Two- and Three-Level Partially Nested Data
Lai, M. H. C., & Kwok, O. (2016) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2016.1231606 · Cited by 24
Sample size estimation for power and accuracy in the experimental comparison of algorithms
Campelo, F., & Takahashi, F. C. (2018) · Journal of Heuristics · doi:10.1007/s10732-018-9396-7 · Cited by 25
Devlin, N. J., Parkin, D. W., & Janssen, B. (2020) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-47622-9_2 · Cited by 23
Misunderstandings of Effect Sizes in Message Effects Research
O’Keefe, D. J. (2017) · Communication Methods and Measures · doi:10.1080/19312458.2017.1343812 · Cited by 24
Structural analysis of shooting performance in elite basketball players during FIBA EuroBasket 2015
Gryko, K., Mikołajec, K., Maszczyk, A., et al. (2018) · International Journal of Performance Analysis in Sport · doi:10.1080/24748668.2018.1479923 · Cited by 23
“Effect size was calculated as eta-squared (η2) – small effect <0.06; medium effect 0.06–0.14; large effect <0.14 (Cohen, Manion, & Morrison, 2013; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodInfluentialMartínez‐Zaragoza, F., Campillo‐Martínez, J. M., & Ato‐García, M. (2015) · Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities · doi:10.1111/jar.12177 · Cited by 26
“Furthermore, effect size was evaluated using partial eta-squared coefficient (acceptable range between 0.10 and 0.25) and statistical power (acceptable values greater than 0.75) (Grissom & Kim 2012).”
MethodInfluentialPull Requests or Commits? Which Method Should We Use to Study Contributors' Behavior?
Bertoncello, M. V., Pinto, G., Wiese, I., & Steinmacher, I. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Software Analysis, Evolution and Reengineering (SANER) · doi:10.1109/saner48275.2020.9054855 · Cited by 22
“We also applied Cliff’s delta [30], an effect size measure, to know the mean distance between the samples.”
MethodCerezo, R., Esteban, M., Vallejo, G., Sánchez‐Santillán, M., & Núñez, J. C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12219184 · Cited by 22
Heekerens, J. B., Eid, M., Heinitz, K., & Merkle, B. V. M. (2022) · Applied Psychology Health and Well-Being · doi:10.1111/aphw.12326 · Cited by 23
Generalizations and Extensions of the Probability of Superiority Effect Size Estimator
Ruscio, J., & Gera, B. L. (2013) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2012.738184 · Cited by 22
“A serves as an estimator of D Pr.Y1 > Y2/, which Grissom and Kim (2012) called the “probability of superiority” (p. 149), and its calculation is simple and intuitive.”
Pain assessment tools in adults with communication disorders: systematic review and meta-analysis
Sabater-Gárriz, Á., Molina‐Mula, J., Montoya, P., & Riquelme, I. (2024) · BMC Neurology · doi:10.1186/s12883-024-03539-w · Cited by 25
Social Determinants of Health and Language and Academic Outcomes in Pediatric Cochlear Implantation
Mueller, L. E., Adkins, D., Kao, A., et al. (2024) · JAMA Otolaryngology–Head & Neck Surgery · doi:10.1001/jamaoto.2024.3564 · Cited by 21
Kopiczko, A., Adamczyk, J. G., Gryko, K., & Popowczak, M. (2021) · European Review of Aging and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s11556-021-00262-0 · Cited by 24
The neurophysiology of closed‐loop auditory stimulation in sleep: A magnetoencephalography study
Jourde, H. R., Merlo, R., Brooks, M., Rowe, M., & Coffey, E. B. J. (2023) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.16132 · Cited by 22
“We calculated effect sizes for between-condition comparisons used the probability of superiority (PSdep), which is calculated as the number of positive difference scores divided by the total number of paired scores (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodNew Issues for New Methods: Ethical and Editorial Challenges for an Experimental Philosophy
Polonioli, A. (2016) · Science and Engineering Ethics · doi:10.1007/s11948-016-9838-2 · Cited by 21
“Here I follow Grissom and Kim (2012) in adding a constant .5 to each cell as a solution to the problem.”
BackgroundJanssen, M. F., Buchholz, I., Golicki, D., & Bonsel, G. J. (2022) · PharmacoEconomics · doi:10.1007/s40273-022-01172-4 · Cited by 20
Developmental role of acetylcholinesterase in impulse control in zebrafish
Parker, M. O., Brock, A. J., Sudwarts, A., Teh, M., Combe, F. J., & Brennan, C. H. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00271 · Cited by 21
“Effect sizes for all differences in expression were also calculated using the Grissom and Kim (2012) method.”
MethodWesterhof, G. J., Beernink, J., & Sools, A. M. (2016) · Intellectual and developmental disabilities · doi:10.1352/1934-9556-54.3.173 · Cited by 25
Abugroun, A., Daoud, H., Hallak, O., Abdel‐Rahman, M. E., & Klein, L. W. (2021) · Cardiovascular revascularization medicine · doi:10.1016/j.carrev.2021.02.004 · Cited by 20
Friesen, C. R., Kerns, A. R., & Mason, R. T. (2014) · Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology · doi:10.1007/s00265-014-1749-0 · Cited by 20
“…of variation in paternity, we plotted separate regressions of standardized partial residuals for each significant independent variable in Sigma Plot, and we present R2 for each graph as a measure of effect size after accounting for the other significant predictor variable(s) (Grissom and Kim 2012).”
MethodStandardized Mean Differences in Two-Level Cross-Classified Random Effects Models
Lai, M. H. C., & Kwok, O. (2014) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998614532950 · Cited by 22
“Two of the commonly reported effect size families include the standardized mean difference (i.e., group difference divided by sample standard deviation [SD] or the d family) and the proportion of variance accounted for (or the r family; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
BackgroundScreening for Partner Violence Among Family Mediation Clients: Differentiating Types of Abuse
Cleak, H., Schofield, M. J., Axelsen, L., & Bickerdike, A. J. (2015) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260515614559 · Cited by 20
“Gender differences in abusive behavior were assessed using independent t tests for normally distributed scales, with effect sizes estimated using Cohen’s d, and Mann–Whitney U tests for skewed scales, with effect sizes estimated using p U n na b a b , /= as recommended by Grissom and Kim (2012).”
MethodUndergraduates’ lived experience of project-/problem-based learning in introductory biology
Webster, A., Metcalf, A., Kelly, L. J., Bisesi, A. T., Marnik-Said, M., Colbeck, C. L., Marine, R. J., Vinces, M., Campbell, A. E., & Allen, T. S. (2022) · AJP Advances in Physiology Education · doi:10.1152/advan.00042.2021 · Cited by 26
Recovery effect of self‐myofascial release treatment using different type of a foam rollers
Michalak, B., Kopiczko, A., Gajda, R., & Adamczyk, J. G. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-66577-x · Cited by 23
Vermeirsch, J., Verhaeghe, L., Casaer, A., Faes, F., Oostra, A., & Roeyers, H. (2020) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-020-04573-6 · Cited by 26
The Effect of Automated versus Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis on Mortality Risk in China
Li, X., Xu, H. M., Chen, N., et al. (2018) · Peritoneal Dialysis International · doi:10.3747/pdi.2017.00235 · Cited by 19
Karr, J. E., Iverson, G. L., Berghem, K., Kotilainen, A., Terry, D. P., & Luoto, T. M. (2019) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2019.1669825 · Cited by 21
“b) was calculated as a non-parametric effect size statistic for a pairwise comparison between independent groups, calculated as the U statistic divided by the product of the sample sizes for each group (47).”
MethodÖzdemir, M., & Koutakis, N. (2015) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13177 · Cited by 18
“mate of effect size [36].”
Carrera, P., Caballero, A., Muñoz, D., González‐Iraizoz, M., & Fernández, I. (2014) · British Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjso.12058 · Cited by 18
Using discriminative feature in software entities for relevance identification of code changes
Huang, Y., Chen, X., Liu, Z., Luo, X., & Zheng, Z. (2017) · Journal of Software Evolution and Process · doi:10.1002/smr.1859 · Cited by 18
Tschon, M., Salamanna, F., Martini, L., et al. (2020) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells9071571 · Cited by 18
Taylor, J. A., Pigott, T., & Williams, R. T. (2021) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x211051319 · Cited by 16
“Before moving on, we note here that while the SMD is the most commonly used effect size in the social sciences for continuous outcome measures (Grissom & Kim, 2012), researchers in and out of education have noted its limitations under certain conditions and some have proposed alternatives.”
MethodHirsch, O., Kluckner, V. J., Brandt, S., Moß, A., Weck, M. N., Florath, I., Wabitsch, M., Hebebrand, J., SCHIMMELMANN, B. G., & Christiansen, H. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0105303 · Cited by 18
Cognitive and Adaptive Skills in Toddlers Who Meet Criteria for Autism in DSM-IV but not DSM-5
Jashar, D. T., Brennan, L. A., Barton, M. L., & FEIN, D. A. (2016) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-016-2901-7 · Cited by 22
“As suggested by Grissom and Kim (2012), effect size was calculated using the following equation for use in nonparametric data analysis by dividing the Mann–Whitney U statistic by the product of the two sample sizes: .”
Aiming for advanced intelligibility and proficiency using mobile ASR
Mroz, A. P. (2020) · Journal of Second Language Pronunciation · doi:10.1075/jslp.18030.mro · Cited by 17
Bustamante, E. F. B., Mora, C., & Alvarez‐Alvarado, M. S. (2023) · IEEE Transactions on Education · doi:10.1109/te.2023.3283850 · Cited by 24
“…it presents some deficien-cies: 1) discrepant findings when measuring changes in small samples [41]; 2) its application is limited by the assumptions of normality and homoscedasticity in the test scores [42]; and 3) ability limited to capture a general background of the knowledge and not specific [4].”
BackgroundRuiz, M. H., Hong, S. B., Hennig, H., Altenmüller, E., & Kühn, A. A. (2014) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01030 · Cited by 19
Loredo, V. M., Hermida, J. R. F., Fernández‐Artamendi, S., Carballo, J. L., Garcı́a-Cueto, E., & García–Rodríguez, O. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0019-0 · Cited by 18
The P Value Problem in Otolaryngology: Shifting to Effect Sizes and Confidence Intervals
Vila, P. M., Townsend, M. E., Bhatt, N. K., Kao, W. K., Sinha, P., & Neely, J. G. (2016) · Otolaryngology · doi:10.1177/0194599816677735 · Cited by 17
“Otherwise, interpretation of a study based on statistical significance through P values without any consideration of a power calculation is a flawed approach.(3,7,9) It is always wise to consult with an experienced statistician as the study is being designed.”
Capozza, D., Bernardo, G. A. D., Falvo, R., Vianello, R., & Calò, L. (2016) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/jasp.12377 · Cited by 17
Improving Web Accessibility With an LLM-Based Tool: A Preliminary Evaluation for STEM Images
Pedemonte, G. M., Leotta, M., & Ribaudo, M. (2025) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2025.3577519 · Cited by 23
How to Tailor Educational Maze Games: The Student’s Preferences
Terzieva, V. T., Bontchev, B., Dankov, Y., et al. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14116794 · Cited by 16
Experiences of Computer Science Transfer Students
Kwik, H., Xie, B., & Ko, A. J. (2018) · ACM Conference on International Computing Education Research (ICER) · doi:10.1145/3230977.3231004 · Cited by 16
Dealing with conflict: Reducing goal ambivalence using the best-possible-self intervention
Heekerens, J. B., Eid, M., & Heinitz, K. (2019) · The Journal of Positive Psychology · doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1610479 · Cited by 19
Prosocial Norm Emergence in Multi-agent Systems
Mashayekhi, M., Ajmeri, N., List, G., et al. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Autonomous and Adaptive Systems · doi:10.1145/3540202 · Cited by 16
“Table 6 also lists the p-value from two-tailed t-test assuming unequal variances, effect size via Glass’ ∆ Grissom and Kim [2012] which is measured as the difference in means divided by the standard deviation of the control group), and % improvement obtained by Cha Prosocial over Silk and fully actuated control. We ch…”
InfluentialIntegrated Approach to Personalized Procedural Map Generation Using Evolutionary Algorithms
Raffe, W. L., Zambetta, F., Li, X., et al. (2014) · IEEE Transactions on Computational Intelligence and AI in Games · doi:10.1109/tciaig.2014.2341665 · Cited by 16
“This type of overspecialization is a common issue in the RS field [29].”
BackgroundThe effect of theory of mind impairment on language: Referring after right-hemisphere damage
Balaban, N., Friedmann, N., & Ariel, M. (2016) · Aphasiology · doi:10.1080/02687038.2015.1137274 · Cited by 16
“…sizes (see Leech & Onwuegbuzie, 2002; Peng & Chen, 2014) were estimated using Cliff’s Delta estimator d (Cliff, 1993) for the independent samples (Mann–Whitney) comparisons; for paired comparisons (Wilcoxon signed rank), effect size was estimated in line with Grissom and Kim (2012), using PSdep.”
Method
Metadata
- Authors
- Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco State University (US)
- ORCID
- Kim, John J.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- OpenAlex
- W2892211387
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.17
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- effect size, confidence intervals, standardized mean difference, correlation measures, associative strength, covariance analysis, multiple linear regression, multivariate analysis of variance, repeated measures, robust estimators, statistical assumptions
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