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Effect Sizes for Research
Abstract
Noted for its comprehensive coverage, this greatly expanded new edition now covers the use of univariate and multivariate effect sizes. Many measures and estimators are reviewed along with their application, interpretation, and limitations. Noted for its practical approach, the book features numerous examples using real data for a variety of variables and designs, to help readers apply the material to their own data. Tips on the use of SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus are provided. The book's broad disciplinary appeal results from its inclusion of a variety of examples from psychology, medicine, education, and other social sciences. Special attention is paid to confidence intervals, the statistical assumptions of the methods, and robust estimators of effect sizes. The extensive reference section is appreciated by all. With more than 40% new material, highlights of the new editon include: three new multivariate chapters covering effect sizes for analysis of covariance, multiple regression/correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance more learning tools in each chapter including introductions, summaries, "Tips and Pitfalls" and more conceptual and computational questions more coverage of univariate effect sizes, confidence intervals, and effect sizes for repeated measures to reflect their increased use in research more software references for calculating effect sizes and their confidence intervals including SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus the data used in the book are now provided on the web along with new data and suggested calculations with IBM SPSS syntax for computational practice. Effect Sizes for Research covers standardized and unstandardized differences between means, correlational measures, strength of association, and parametric and nonparametric measures for between- and within-groups data. Intended as a resource for professionals, researchers, and advanced students in a variety of fields, this book is also an excellent supplement for advanced statistics courses in psychology, education, the social sciences, business, and medicine. A prerequisite of introductory statistics through factorial analysis of variance and chi-square is recommended.
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“An accepted measure of effect size for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is Cliff ' s delta measure, also known as Cliff ' s dominance measure (Grissom, 2015; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
From Increasing high school teachers self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice (2020) · cites this paper as Grissom & Kim, 2012
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Items 401–474 of 474
Zaretsky, E., & Lange, B. P. (2021) · Studia Linguistica · doi:10.1111/stul.12178
Parental control: ecology drives plasticity in parental response to offspring signalsPreprint
Caro, S. M., Velasco, A. C., van Mastrigt, T., et al. (2021) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2021.11.18.464426
“Statistical analyses We transformed any test statistic measuring either an effect of begging or size cues on feeding into a standardized effect size (Fisher’s Z-transformed correlation coefficient) (Borenstein et al. 2011; Grissom and Kim 2011; Koricheva et al. 2013).”
BackgroundMethodPhonological Short-Term Memory: When Bilingualism Matters
Zaretsky, E., Lange, B. P., & Hey, C. (2022) · Language Learning and Development · doi:10.1080/15475441.2021.2014846
“The effect size in all Mann-Whitney U-tests was estimated with the probability of superiority index (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodRandomized Designs: Ordinal Data, I
Berry, K. J., Mielke, P. W., & Johnston, J. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28770-6_5
Berry, K. J., Mielke, P. W., & Johnston, J. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28770-6_1
Randomized Block Designs: Nominal Data
Berry, K. J., Mielke, P. W., & Johnston, J. E. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-28770-6_11
Reed, J. (2022) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.1177/00332941211065952
“…Rosenthal (1991), p. 20, formula 2.21 2 d ¼ rpb corrected=½ð1 r2pb correctedÞ× ðp1 × p2Þ 1=2 Lipsey and Wilson (2001), p. 199, formula 10 3 d ¼ ð2 × rpb correctedÞ× f½ðN 2Þ=N 1=2=ð1 r2pb correctedÞ 1=2g Grissom and Kim (2012), p. 130, formula 4.17 4 d ¼ frpb corrected × ½1=ðp1 × p2Þ1=2 g=ð1…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialInferences About a Quantile Shift Measure of Effect Size When There Is a Covariate
Wilcox, R. R. (2022) · International Journal of Statistics and Probability · doi:10.5539/ijsp.v11n2p52
“There is now a wide range of choices for δ with each providing a different perspective on how the groups compare (e.g., Huberty, 2002; Grissom & Kim, 2012; Wilcox, 2022b).”
BackgroundPrediction with data from designed experimentation
D’Ottaviano, F. (2022) · Communications in Statistics - Simulation and Computation · doi:10.1080/03610918.2022.2069819
“The size of the Laplace distribution parameters is, however, subject matter specific — effect sizes of practical importance vary by application (Hill et al. 2008; Grissom and Kim 2012) — and the ones used here reflect the author ’ s experience in industrial research.”
BackgroundON THE IMPORTANCE OF TAIL RATIOS FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE1
Voracek, M., Mohr, E., & Hagmann, M. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/03.pr0.112.3
Sakai, T. (2018) · The Kluwer international series on information retrieval · doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1199-4_1
Zhou, F., Dong, Z., Fang, K., et al. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4117239
Can Twitter be used to improve learning outcomes in undergraduate medical education? A pilot studyPreprint
Gilbert, G. E., Paganotti, L. A., Agarwal, A., Salalac, J., Gamble, C., Bauman, E. B., & Gallardo, J. (2022) · doi:10.32388/gsggqh
Bivariate Statistical Analysis
Hassouna, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20758-7_2
Zheng, Y., Guo, Z., Wu, Z., et al. (2023) · Frigid Zone Medicine · doi:10.2478/fzm-2023-0020
Effectiveness of authentic learning practices in turkey: A meta-analysis
Tutal, Ö. (2023) · i-manager’s Journal on Educational Psychology · doi:10.26634/jpsy.17.1.19424
A Credibility Crisis in Psychology?
Brzeziński, J. M. (2023) · Przegląd Psychologiczny · doi:10.31648/przegldpsychologiczny.9680
MacDougall, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-25859-6_1
Alliger, G. M. (2024) · International Journal of Training Research · doi:10.1080/14480220.2024.2397355
Méndez, J. H. M., Rico, J. E. M., Sánchez, M. M. R., et al. (2024) · Journal of Couple & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/15332691.2024.2407930
“Since a significant difference is not necessarily a large or important difference, this requires quantifying the magnitude of this significant difference (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
Shieh, G. (2025) · Sankhya B · doi:10.1007/s13571-024-00350-y
“Comprehensive exposition and practical principles concerning effect size measures can be found in the recent works of Fritz et al. (2012), Grissom and Kim (2012), Kelley and Preacher (2012), Kline (2013), Pek and Flora (2018), and the references therein.”
Zaretsky, E., & Lange, B. P. (2024) · The Canadian Journal of Linguistics / La revue canadienne de linguistique · doi:10.1017/cnj.2024.31
Hidalgo, A. E., Pearson, L., Oku, T., Kimoto, Y., Furuya, S., & Ruiz, M. H. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.03.31.646422
Equivalence Test and Sample Size Procedures for Standardized Mean Differences in ANCOVA Studies
Shieh, G. (2025) · Journal of Probability and Statistics · doi:10.1155/jpas/5557130
Bałdyka, J., & Kopiczko, A. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14474-2
Şap, T., & Demir, M. K. (2025) · İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi · doi:10.17679/inuefd.1583591
Wang, A., Zhao, Y., & Ma, F. (2025) · Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology · doi:10.1002/asi.70037
“Bench-marks for interpretation were: small ( ε 2 / η 2 ≈ 0.01, j d j ≈ 0.2, j Δ j ≈ 0.11, j ρ j ≈ 0.1), medium ( ε 2 ≈ 0.04, η 2 ≈ 0.06, j d j ≈ 0.5, j Δ j ≈ 0.28, j ρ j ≈ 0.3), and large ( ε 2 ≥ 0.16, η 2 ≥ 0.14, j d j ≥ 0.8, j Δ j ≥ 0.43, j ρ j ≥ 0.5) (Cohen, 2013; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
Influential(2017) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-64113-013-420251016
Sanchis-Segura, C., Wilcox, R. R., Cruz-Gómez, Á. J., Félix-Esbrí, S., Sebastián-Tirado, A., & Forn, C. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26657272
Schwarzkopf, L., Dorscht, L., Kraus, L., & Luttenberger, K. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.16879987
The Equivalence Tests of Standardized and Unstandardized Mean Differences: Similar But Distinct
Shieh, G. (2026) · Journal of Statistical Theory and Practice · doi:10.1007/s42519-026-00541-y
Oyun Terapisinin Çocuklarda Kaygı ve Yaşam Becerileri Üzerine Etkisi: Bir Meta Analiz Çalışması
Özmaya, E., & Demirel, Ö. Y. (2025) · DergiPark (Istanbul University)
Dashtbozorgi, B., Ghanbari, S., Asl, E. M., & Baghrobehbahani, A. (2026) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-026-08780-0
“…of options in measuring communication patterns according to the questionnaire, the following formula was to equalize the weight of the scores [31]: To categorize the levels of perfectionism and procrastination in this study, the guidelines and scoring methods of the respective questionnaires…”
Asymmetric Chi-square Test and Cohen’s w in Contingency Tables
D’Angelo, L. (2026) · Revista Colombiana de Estadística · doi:10.15446/rce.v49n1.118682
“Here, the non-central chi-square approach is proposed as likely the most accurate, although further testing and validation are needed (Grissom & Kim, 2012; Kelly, 2007; Steiger, 2004).”
Ikei, H., Jo, H., Yotsui, J., & Miyazaki, Y. (2026) · Buildings · doi:10.3390/buildings16071292
Cavanaugh, K. L., & Dillbeck, M. C. (2017) · Journal of Maharishi Vedic Research Institute · doi:10.66743/sknd3212
“The effect size f is given by the t ratio (or square root of the F statistic) for the regression coefficient divided by the square root of the residual degrees of freedom (Cohen, 1988; Grissom & Kim, 2012, p. 323).”
Estimating Effect Size for Mood’s Median Test
Vilakati, S., Shongwe, S. C., Mbona, S., & Dlamini, T. (2026) · Mathematics · doi:10.3390/math14091449
Kranes, M., Münchenberg, P. S., Thomas, C., Schulz, R. S., Campione, A., & Kreutzberg, A. (2026) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-026-01660-4
Caregiver Reports of Lucid Episodes in Alzheimer’s Dementia and Lewy Body Dementias
Bangerter, L. R., Kim, K., Liu, Y., Lapid, M. I., Radford, J. G., & Griffin, J. M. (2026) · Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry and Neurology · doi:10.1177/08919887261464594
Roccetti, M. (2026) · Frontiers in Aging · doi:10.3389/fragi.2026.1888676
“5,012 individuals per group [selected to emulate the sample size of (Grissom and Kim, 2012)] yields a sensitivity factor of 3.89.”
InfluentialLi, X., Zhang, H., Guo, L., Liao, Y., Wu, K., Liu, Y., Wang, W., Li, L., Yang, B., Wang, X., et al. (2026) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-026-02326-7
The Big Inference Blueprint: A Post-Big Data Epistemology for AI in Healthcare
Roccetti, M. (2026) · IEEE International Symposium on a World of Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (WoWMoM) · doi:10.1109/wowmom69805.2026.00066
Tsoni, E., & Nikolaou, I. (2026) · Psychology the Journal of the Hellenic Psychological Society · doi:10.12681/psy_hps.46299 · Cited by 2
Appendix B. Exemplary material for communicative tasks
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app2
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.ded
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c1
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.ack
Nottbeck, E. (2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c3
Appendix D. Example interview with advanced learner
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app4
Appendix C. Example interviews with beginning learners
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app3
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.index
Turn-Taking in Second Language Acquisition
Nottbeck, E. (2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10
Appendix A. Questionnaire for stimulus design
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app1
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c4
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c2
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.lot
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.abbreviations
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.prelim
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.lof
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.refs
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.toc
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c5
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c6
Too Much Left Unsaid? Mean Differences and Rational Decision-Making
Jäntgen, I. (2026) · Australasian Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.1080/00048402.2026.2696589
Impact of medical students and residents on emergency department productivity
Cournoyer, A., Kochoedo, M., Synnott, A., et al. (2026) · Canadian Journal of Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1007/s43678-026-01269-1
Lázaro-Salazar, A. S., Ramos, M. T. G., Castillo‐Burguete, M. T., et al. (2026) · Journal of Integrative Environmental Sciences · doi:10.1080/1943815x.2026.2718705
Nezval, V., Andrášik, R., & Bíl, M. (2026) · European Transport Research Review · doi:10.1186/s12544-026-00831-3
An Oasis of Equality? Race and Stress on the MTurk Platform
Reynolds, J., & Aguilar, J. (2026) · Socius Sociological Research for a Dynamic World · doi:10.1177/23780231261473947
Ikei, H., Jo, H., & Miyazaki, Y. (2026) · Journal of Wood Science · doi:10.1186/s10086-026-02305-5
Metadata
- Authors
- Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco State University (US)
- ORCID
- Kim, John J.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- OpenAlex
- W2892211387
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.17
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- effect size, confidence intervals, standardized mean difference, correlation measures, associative strength, covariance analysis, multiple linear regression, multivariate analysis of variance, repeated measures, robust estimators, statistical assumptions
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