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Effect Sizes for Research
Abstract
Noted for its comprehensive coverage, this greatly expanded new edition now covers the use of univariate and multivariate effect sizes. Many measures and estimators are reviewed along with their application, interpretation, and limitations. Noted for its practical approach, the book features numerous examples using real data for a variety of variables and designs, to help readers apply the material to their own data. Tips on the use of SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus are provided. The book's broad disciplinary appeal results from its inclusion of a variety of examples from psychology, medicine, education, and other social sciences. Special attention is paid to confidence intervals, the statistical assumptions of the methods, and robust estimators of effect sizes. The extensive reference section is appreciated by all. With more than 40% new material, highlights of the new editon include: three new multivariate chapters covering effect sizes for analysis of covariance, multiple regression/correlation, and multivariate analysis of variance more learning tools in each chapter including introductions, summaries, "Tips and Pitfalls" and more conceptual and computational questions more coverage of univariate effect sizes, confidence intervals, and effect sizes for repeated measures to reflect their increased use in research more software references for calculating effect sizes and their confidence intervals including SPSS, SAS, R, and S-Plus the data used in the book are now provided on the web along with new data and suggested calculations with IBM SPSS syntax for computational practice. Effect Sizes for Research covers standardized and unstandardized differences between means, correlational measures, strength of association, and parametric and nonparametric measures for between- and within-groups data. Intended as a resource for professionals, researchers, and advanced students in a variety of fields, this book is also an excellent supplement for advanced statistics courses in psychology, education, the social sciences, business, and medicine. A prerequisite of introductory statistics through factorial analysis of variance and chi-square is recommended.
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“An accepted measure of effect size for the Wilcoxon rank-sum test is Cliff ' s delta measure, also known as Cliff ' s dominance measure (Grissom, 2015; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
From Increasing high school teachers self-efficacy for integrated STEM instruction through a collaborative community of practice (2020) · cites this paper as Grissom & Kim, 2012
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The power of sound in L2 idiom learning
Eyckmans, J., & Lindstromberg, S. (2016) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168816655831 · Cited by 15
“…group: 10% trimmed MD = 1.36, 95% CI [0.07, 2.63], t = 2.24(21), p = .036, dtr = 56.4 This value of dtr would typically be thought to indicate an effect of medium size, although it happens to be above average for effects observed in educational research generally (Grissom & Kim, 2012, pp. 127–130).”
BackgroundInfluential“Who matters most?”: Clinician perspectives of influence and recommendation on home dialysis uptake
Walker, R., Marshall, R., Howard, K., et al. (2016) · Nephrology · doi:10.1111/nep.12920 · Cited by 16
Chavers, T. N., Schlosser, R. W., Cheng, C., & Koul, R. (2022) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2022_ajslp-22-00039 · Cited by 15
Weld, E. D., Hiruy, H., Guthrie, K. M., Fava, J. L., Vargas, S. E., Buckheit, K. W., Buckheit, R. W., Spiegel, H. M. L., Breakey, J., Fuchs, E. J., et al. (2016) · AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses · doi:10.1089/aid.2016.0167 · Cited by 15
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Number of Daily Peritoneal Dialysis Exchanges and Mortality Risk in a Chinese Population
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Subar, A. R., Humphrey, K., & Rozenman, M. S. (2021) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-021-01740-7 · Cited by 17
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On the Importance of Tail Ratios for Psychological Science
Voracek, M., Mohr, E., & Hagmann, M. (2013) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/03.pr0.112.3.872-886 · Cited by 15
“We further propose benchmarks for tail ratios which are based on the widely used conventions of Cohen (see, for instance, Grissom & Kim, 2005, 2012; Kline, 2004), whereby d values of 0.20, 0.50, and 0.80 are considered as small, medium, and large eff ects.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialTeen Involvement in Sports and Risky Behaviour: A Cross-national and Gendered Analysis
Stansfield, R. (2015) · The British Journal of Criminology · doi:10.1093/bjc/azv108 · Cited by 15
Evidence for the Feedback Role of Performance Measurement Systems
Anderson, S. W., & Kimball, A. (2018) · Management Science · doi:10.1287/mnsc.2018.3129 · Cited by 15
“To facilitate comparison of the results with other studies, we calculate the effect sizes (Grissom and Kim 2012) on student learning for teachers’ use of the PMSs and for the students’ exposure to teachers who are in the upper versus lower range of teacher effectiveness.”
Hirsch, O., & Adarkwah, C. C. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15102190 · Cited by 15
Edwards, B., Froehle, A. W., & Fagan, S. E. (2023) · Journal of Athletic Training · doi:10.4085/1062-6050-0586.21 · Cited by 14
Cardiac cycle modulates alpha and beta suppression during motor imagery
Lai, G., Landi, D., Vidaurre, C., Bhattacharya, J., & Ruiz, M. H. (2024) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhae442 · Cited by 19
“Nonparametric effect sizes were estimated using the probability of superiority for dependent samples ( (cid:2) dep ) (Grissom and Kim 2012; Ruscio and Mullen 2012).”
Bayesian estimation of explained variance in ANOVA designs
Marsman, M., Waldorp, L., Dablander, F., & Wagenmakers, E. (2019) · Statistica neerlandica (Print) · doi:10.1111/stan.12173 · Cited by 35
“…of ES interval estimates is of practical importance and continues to attract much research interest (e.g., Huberty, 2002; Robinson, Whittaker, Williams, & Beretvas, 2003; Alhija & Levy, 2008; Fritz, Scherndl, & Kühberger, 2012; Grissom & Kim, 2012; Lakens, 2013; Fritz, Morris, & Richler, 2012).”
Gryko, K., Šťastný, P., Kopiczko, A., Mikołajec, K., Pecha, O., & Perkowski, K. (2019) · Journal of Human Kinetics · doi:10.2478/hukin-2019-0005 · Cited by 14
“Effect size was calculated as eta‐squared (η2) and 0.10 indicated a small effect, 0.10 ‐ 0.40 indicated a medium effect, and 0.40 indicated a large effect (Grissom and Kim, 2012).”
InfluentialSebastián Rivera, R., Anthony Marcotti, F., Adrian Fuente, C., Fuentes–López, E., & Hickson, L. M. H. (2020) · International Journal of Audiology · doi:10.1080/14992027.2020.1740801 · Cited by 14
“This is below the minimum power levels required by convention (1 (cid:2) b ¼ 0.80) and the probability of committing a type II error is 74% (Grissom and Kim 2012).”
InfluentialHenry, N. L., Kidwell, K., Alsamarraie, C., Bridges, C. M., Kwiatkowski, C. C., Clauw, D. J., Smith, E., & Williams, D. A. (2018) · JCO Clinical Cancer Informatics · doi:10.1200/cci.17.00106 · Cited by 14
Charalambous, M. (2019) · Journal of Further and Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0309877x.2019.1690642 · Cited by 23
Yoon, S., Cummings, S. M., Nugent, W. R., & Forrest-Bank, S. S. (2020) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607863.2020.1844144 · Cited by 14
“Lastly, the regression coefficients reported above are standardized, and are regression effect sizes (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
Selected Indicators of Effect Size in Psychological Research
Prajzner, A. (2023) · Annales Universitatis Mariae Curie-Skłodowska sectio J – Paedagogia-Psychologia · doi:10.17951/j.2022.35.4.139-157 · Cited by 17
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Assessing passionate love: Italian validation of the PLS (reduced version)
Aghedu, F. C., Veneziani, C. A., Manari, T., Feybesse, C., & Bisiacchi, P. S. (2018) · Sexual & Relationship Therapy · doi:10.1080/14681994.2018.1442570 · Cited by 15
Null Hypothesis Significance‐Testing Debate
Thompson, B. (2015) · The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp028 · Cited by 13
Cognitive and Central Vestibular Functions Correlate in People With Multiple Sclerosis
Cochrane, G. D., Christy, J. B., Sandroff, B. M., & Motl, R. W. (2021) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/15459683211046268 · Cited by 12
“Common language (CL) effect sizes were calculated for all variables using the Mann–Whitney U statistic and group sample sizes using the equation Effect Size = (Mann– Whitney U Statistic)/(MS Sample Size * Control Sample Size).(30) This effect size estimates the rate at which a random person with MS would perform worse…”
Schwarzkopf, L., Dorscht, L., Kraus, L., & Luttenberger, K. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-07153-1 · Cited by 12
Tschon, M., Brogini, S., Parrilli, A., et al. (2020) · Biotechnology and Bioengineering · doi:10.1002/bit.27584 · Cited by 12
“…as least‐squares means) were carried out as post hoc tests to identify significant differences among groups, adjusting p‐values according to Sidak–Holm correction; the estimator dmsw was used to calculate the effect size of significant comparisons of normally distributed data (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodWollesen, B., Fricke, M., Jansen, C.-P., Gordt, K., Schwenk, M., Muehlbauer, T., Morawietz, C., Kruse, A., & Gramann, K. (2020) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-020-01840-0 · Cited by 13
Escape and avoidance learning in the earthworm Eisenia hortensis
Wilson, W. J., Ferrara, N. C., Blaker, A. L., et al. (2014) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.250 · Cited by 12
“%) the Master worms made a higher proportion of their responses to the Light US in the second half of the Session than did the Control worms (Sign test, p = .0245, effect size of .692, Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
BackgroundHassouna, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-20758-7_4 · Cited by 13
Maloney, S., Surawy, C., Martin, M., Montero-Marin, J., & Kuyken, W. (2023) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-023-02193-6 · Cited by 10
Kia, F. S., Pardo, A., Dawson, S., & O'Brien, H. L. (2022) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/02602938.2022.2139351 · Cited by 11
“The students were categorized into high, medium-high, medium-low and low performers based on their course grades using quartiles, which divided the data into successive fourths (grissom and Kim 2012).”
MethodBottesi, G., Candini, V., Ghisi, M., Bava, M., Bianconi, G., Bulgari, V., Carrà, G., Cavalera, C., Conte, G. L., Cricelli, M., et al. (2019) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2019_33_436 · Cited by 11
Africa, E. K., van Stryp, O., & Musálek, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19010121 · Cited by 11
“50 very large effect size [70,71] and Hedge’s g range <0.”
BackgroundInterpretation of and alternatives to p-values in biomedical sciences
Grjibovski, A. M., & Gvozdeckii, A. N. (2022) · Экология человека · doi:10.17816/humeco97249 · Cited by 11
Nsubuga, E. J., Fitzmaurice, A. G., Komakech, A., Odoi, T. D., Kadobera, D., Bulage, L., Kwesiga, B., Elyanu, P., Ario, A. R., & Harris, J. R. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15903-5 · Cited by 11
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Caregiver Configurations and Bullying Among High School Students
Edwards, O. W., & Batlemento, P. (2016) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-016-0442-5 · Cited by 11
Physiological and Psychological Responses of Viewing a Waterfall Image: A Crossover Study
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Quality In, Quality Out: Investigating Training Data's Role in AI Code Generation
Improta, C., Tufano, R., Liguori, P., Cotroneo, D., & Bavota, G. (2025) · IEEE International Conference on Program Comprehension (ICPC) · doi:10.1109/icpc66645.2025.00056 · Cited by 11
Mayer, A. R., Dodd, A. B., Wilcox, C. E., Klimaj, S. D., Claus, E. D., & Bryan, A. D. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1671437 · Cited by 10
“vided for normally distributed data, with nonparametric effect sizes reported otherwise (28).”
MethodRoeper, J., Reichert-Schlax, J., Zlatkin‐Troitschanskaia, O., Klose, V., Weber, M., & Nagel, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.562211 · Cited by 12
“…and the correspondingly small subsamples, the effect sizes were also reported in addition to the significance levels (Cohen’s d for two groups, Omega2 [ω2] for more than two groups, and Cramer’s V for frequency distributions; refer to Cohen, 1988; Ellis, 2010; Grissom and Kim, 2012; Field, 2013).”
BackgroundSahker, E., Pro, G. C., Sakata, M., Poudyal, H., Jordan, A., & Furukawa, T. A. (2022) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2022.109405 · Cited by 10
Lorenz, T., Algner, M., & Binder, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.896741 · Cited by 15
Peters, K. R. (2013) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.12308 · Cited by 10
Assigning and combining probabilities in single-case studies.
Manolov, R., & Solanas, A. (2012) · Psychological Methods · doi:10.1037/a0029248 · Cited by 10
On the Vocabulary Agreement in Software Issue Descriptions
Chaparro, O., Florez, J. M., & Marcus, A. (2016) · IEEE International Conference on Software Maintenance and Evolution (ICSME) · doi:10.1109/icsme.2016.44 · Cited by 10
“For each case, the average magnitude of such difference is large, according to the corresponding Cliff’s delta [21] (see our replication package [19] for the specific d estimators).”
MethodZupanc, C. M., Wallis, G. M., Hill, A., Burgess-Limerick, R. J., Riek, S. P., Plooy, A. M., Horswill, M. S., Watson, M., de Visser, H., Conlan, D. E., et al. (2017) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-017-0948-6 · Cited by 11
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Specificity of metabolic colorectal cancer biomarkers in serum through effect size
Giovanni, N. D., Meuwis, M., Louis, E., & Focant, J. (2020) · Metabolomics · doi:10.1007/s11306-020-01707-w · Cited by 10
Aggressiveness, instability and social-emotional education in an inclusive environment
Porcar, A. M. T., Llorca, A., & Mestre-Escrivá, V. (2020) · Comunicar · doi:10.3916/c66-2021-04 · Cited by 19
Farhadian, M., Akbarfahimi, M., Hassani‐Abharian, P., Khalafbeigi, M., & Yazdani, F. (2024) · Occupational Therapy International · doi:10.1155/2024/6299073 · Cited by 13
Consumer-Grade Brain Measuring Sensor in People With Long-Term Kratom Consumption
Saengmolee, W., Chaisaen, R., Autthasan, P., et al. (2022) · IEEE Sensors Journal · doi:10.1109/jsen.2022.3147207 · Cited by 9
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Badenes‐Ribera, L., Navarro, M. D. F., Iotti, N. O., Campos, A. B., & Longobardi, C. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00996 · Cited by 9
“However, these measures have been criticized for being biased (e.g., they tend to be positively biased), for lack of robustness in the case of outliers, and for instability when statistical assumptions are violated (Wang and Thompson, 2007; Grissom and Kim, 2012; Kline, 2013).”
BackgroundMethodA new student engagement observational instrument for use with students with intellectual disability
Lant, C. L., & Lawson, M. J. (2019) · Journal of Research in Special Educational Needs · doi:10.1111/1471-3802.12449 · Cited by 8
Common language effect size for correlations
Liu, X. S., Carlson, R. G., & Kelley, K. (2019) · The Journal of General Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221309.2019.1585321 · Cited by 9
A Meta-View of Multivariate Statistical Inference Methods in European Psychology Journals
Harlow, L. L., Korendijk, E. J. H., Hamaker, E. L., Hox, J. J., & Duerr, S. R. (2013) · Multivariate Behavioral Research · doi:10.1080/00273171.2013.822784 · Cited by 9
Time to dispense with the p-value in OR?
Hofmann, M. A., & Meyer-Nieberg, S. (2017) · Central European Journal of Operations Research · doi:10.1007/s10100-017-0484-9 · Cited by 14
Adarkwah, C. C., Schwaffertz, A., Labenz, J., Becker, A., & Hirsch, O. (2019) · PeerJ · doi:10.7717/peerj.6235 · Cited by 9
Uçar, H. N., Tekin, U., & Tekin, E. (2020) · Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10072-020-04331-7 · Cited by 9
Scahill, L. D., Sukhodolsky, D. G., Anderberg, E., Dimitropoulos, A., Dziura, J. D., Aman, M. G., McCracken, J. T., Tierney, E., Hallett, V., Katz, K. H., et al. (2015) · Autism · doi:10.1177/1362361315574889 · Cited by 9
LaValley, M., Chavers, T. N., Wu, M., Schlosser, R. W., & Koul, R. (2024) · American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology · doi:10.1044/2024_ajslp-23-00310 · Cited by 8
Lindstromberg, S., & Eyckmans, J. (2017) · Journal of the European Second Language Association · doi:10.22599/jesla.26 · Cited by 9
“…affords only a 34% chance to detect a true effect that is large enough to have solid practical significance in many circumstances (e.g. Ellis, 2010; Grissom & Kim, 2012, pp. 127–130).3 The histogram on the right of Figure 1 illustrates one mathematically coherent solution to the power problem…”
BackgroundMethodCapodieci, A., & Martinussen, R. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01801 · Cited by 8
“For an effect size, Grissom and Kim (2012) have suggested that for two-group independent samples design, one can determine an effect size dividing the Mann–Whitney U statistic by the product of the two sample sizes.”
Hoffman, S., Rueda, H. A., & Beasley, L. (2020) · Social Work in Public Health · doi:10.1080/19371918.2020.1747584 · Cited by 8
“Third, the small sample size may not have been sufficient for detecting small effects between HL and HRQOL (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
BackgroundLeón, M., Washington, K. N., McKenna, V. S., Crowe, K. M., & Fritz, K. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00386 · Cited by 8
“…Acoustic Analysis of Bilingual Children’s Speech 11 , Terms of Use: https://pubs.asha.org/pubs/rights_and_permissions When calculating a Mann–Whitney U test, it is possible to calculate r using the r conversion formula defined as z/√N to allow for an effect size comparison (Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodHow big is the positive effect of assonance on the recall of L2 collocations?
Lindstromberg, S., & Eyckmans, J. (2014) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.165.1.02lin · Cited by 8
Lithuanian students’ choice of university: a consumer value approach
Bartkutė, D. (2017) · European Journal of Higher Education · doi:10.1080/21568235.2017.1296368 · Cited by 8
Lai, M. H. C. (2019) · Journal of Educational and Behavioral Statistics · doi:10.3102/1076998619843168 · Cited by 7
“Furthermore, if we look at the definition of Cramér’s V (denoted as Vc in this article to distinguish it from V = Var[y]; cf. Grissom & Kim, 2012)—an effect size index for contingency table on a scale of 0 to 1 with 0 meaning balanced and 1 meaning maximum imbalance, we have V2c = χ2/N min(a − 1, b…”
MethodEffect Size Estimation and Confidence Intervals
Fidler, F. M., & Cumming, G. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118133880.hop202005 · Cited by 9
KRAEMER, H. C. (2014) · The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/9781118625392.wbecp048 · Cited by 8
Allen, T. S., Arriola, P. E., Breitenberger, C. A., Klyczek, K. K., Marrs, K. A., Matzner, S. L., Miller, K. G., Powell‐Coffman, J. A., & Thatcher, M. (2024) · CBE—Life Sciences Education · doi:10.1187/cbe.24-02-0042 · Cited by 11
“Nonparametric estimators of effect size are discussed by Cliff (1993) and Grissom and Kim (2012).”
Fox, M. T., McCague, H., Sidani, S., & Butler, J. I. (2018) · Journal of Nursing Scholarship · doi:10.1111/jnu.12414 · Cited by 7
“Cohen’s benchmarks were used to interpret the magnitude of the standardized path coefficients β: <0.10 (small); around 0.30 (medium); and >0.50 (large; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodInfluentialEffect of Parameterization on Statistical Power and Effect Size Estimation in Latent Growth Modeling
Feingold, A. (2021) · Structural Equation Modeling A Multidisciplinary Journal · doi:10.1080/10705511.2021.1878895 · Cited by 8
“However, effect sizes–measures of effect magnitude independent of sample size (Grissom & Kim, 2012)–are important in their own right, and are now widely reported in the behavioral sciences (Kelley & Preacher, 2012).”
BackgroundShieh, G. (2013) · Behavior Research Methods · doi:10.3758/s13428-013-0320-7 · Cited by 7
Does Anyone Know the Answer to that Question? Individual Differences in Judging Answerability
Karlsson, B. S. A., Allwood, C. M., & Buratti, S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.02060 · Cited by 7
Bestimmung von Teststärke, Effektgröße und optimalem Stichprobenumfang
Döring, N. M., & Bortz, J. (2015) · Springer-Lehrbuch · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41089-5_14 · Cited by 7
“Evidence”-based medicine in eating disorders research: The problem of “confetti p values”
Kraemer, H. (2017) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.22667 · Cited by 2
Ikei, H., Jo, H., & Miyazaki, Y. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20146351 · Cited by 7
Batista, S. S., Branco, B., Castro, O., & Avelino, G. A. (2024) · Brazilian Symposium on Software Quality (SBQS) · doi:10.1145/3701625.3701673 · Cited by 6
Resource-Efficient & Effective Code Summarization
Afrin, S., Call, J., Nguyen, K.-N., Chaparro, O., & Mastropaolo, A. (2025) · IEEE/ACM International Conference on AI Foundation Models and Software Engineering (FORGE) · doi:10.1109/forge66646.2025.00032 · Cited by 11
The efficacy of a computer-adaptive reading program on grade 5 students’ reading achievement scores
Campbell, L. O., Howard, C. C., Lambie, G. W., & Gao, X. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-10953-5 · Cited by 9
“To understand the magnitude or 1 3 the importance of the effect, Glass’s Δ was selected as the most appropriate measure for effect size because of the differences between standard deviations for each group (Cumming, 2013; Glass, 1976; Grissom & Kim, 2012).”
MethodPilot evaluation of a method to assess prescribers’ information processing of medication alerts
Russ, A. L., Melton, B. L., Daggy, J., & Saleem, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Biomedical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.jbi.2016.11.011 · Cited by 7
Heterogeneous Society in Binary Choices with Externalities
Forno, A. D., & Merlone, U. (2018) · Dynamic Games and Applications · doi:10.1007/s13235-018-0270-x · Cited by 6
Carta, J. A., Cabrera, P., Melián-Martel, N., et al. (2024) · Energy Conversion and Management X · doi:10.1016/j.ecmx.2024.100848 · Cited by 5
Ivanova, M., Germanova, K., Petelin, D. S., Ragimova, A. A., Kopytin, G., Volel, B. A., Nikulin, V. V., & Ruiz, M. H. (2025) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-025-03225-6 · Cited by 7
“Non-parametric effect sizes are reported as probability of superiority [84, 85] ( Δ ).”
Gyimesi, M. L., Webersberger, V., Giudice, M. D., Voracek, M., & Tran, U. S. (2025) · Advances in Methods and Practices in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/25152459251323186 · Cited by 10
“The PS [29] estimates the probability that within a randomly sampled pair of dependent observations, the observation obtained under one measurement is greater than the observation obtained under the other (Grissom & Kim, 2012, p. 172).”
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Okada, K., & Hoshino, T. (2016) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1128-0 · Cited by 5
Effect sizes for differences between groups
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Reichert-Schlax, J., Zlatkin‐Troitschanskaia, O., Happ, R., Yamaoka, M., Asano, T., & Abe, S. (2022) · Research in Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1177/17454999211057621 · Cited by 5
“To investigate the RQ 2, descriptive statistics as well as group comparisons for significance testing were carried out (t-tests, chi2 tests), whereby Cramer`s Vand Cohen`s d (Cohen, 1988; Ellis, 2010; Field, 2018; Grisson and Kim, 2012) provided indications of the actual effect strength.”
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Kopiczko, A., Bałdyka, J., Adamczyk, J. G., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-93891-9 · Cited by 5
Development of an instrument for assessment of mobility-related participation outcomes: The NOMO 1.0
Brandt, Å., & Iwarsson, S. (2012) · Technology and Disability · doi:10.3233/tad-120360 · Cited by 5
Therapeutic Day Treatment for Young Maltreated Children: A Systematic Literature Review
Kanine, R. M., Tunno, A. M., Jackson, Y., & O’Connor, B. M. (2015) · Journal of Child & Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-015-0053-0 · Cited by 4
Guidelines, recommendations, and supplementary discussion
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Inferential language processes across adolescence: A test with novel idioms
Hattouti, J., Gil, S., Almécija, Y., & Laval, V. (2019) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12520 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Grissom, R. J., & Kim, J. J.
- Affiliations
- San Francisco State University (US)
- ORCID
- Kim, John J.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2012-04-23
- OpenAlex
- W2892211387
- Cited by
- 470
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 41 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 40 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 8
- FWCI
- 12.17
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Psychology Research and Bibliometrics
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Keywords
- effect size, confidence intervals, standardized mean difference, correlation measures, associative strength, covariance analysis, multiple linear regression, multivariate analysis of variance, repeated measures, robust estimators, statistical assumptions
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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