CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 38Gender, Feminism, and MediaGender and Feminist StudiesGender Roles and Identity Studies

Male Supremacism in the United States: From Patriarchal Traditionalism to Misogynist Incels and the Alt-Right

Carian, Emily K., DiBranco, Alex, Ebin, Chelsea·2022·Routledge eBooks
DOI 10.4324/9781003164722
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

Over the last few decades, a network of misogynist blogs, websites, wikis, and forums has developed, where users share their bigoted, sexist, and toxic views of society in general and masculinity and femininity in particular.This male supremacist online network has come to be collectively known as the manosphere.However, emerging analyses have tended to portray it as a homogeneous bloc of misogynist ideals.While all toxic, and in essence misogynist and antifeminist, in this chapter we show that the masculinities advocated in the manosphere differ in nature.We conduct an in-depth analysis of the masculinities of the manosphere's five major groups: Men's Rights Activists (MRA), Pick-Up-Artists (PUA), The Red Pill (subreddit), Men Going Their Own Way (MGTOW), and misogynist involuntary celibates (incels).The analysis is informed by feminist literature on socio-cultural conceptualizations of hegemonic and hybrid masculinities and their construction vis-a-vis one another as well as femininity.Through content analysis of popular forums of the five different subgroups, we assess how forms of masculinity are represented and performed by the groups, how they overlap with and contradict one another and how, despite common claims of marginalized and victimized masculinity/gender relations, they end up reinforcing hegemonic masculinity and the Over the last few decades, a network of misogynist blogs, websites, wikis, and forums has developed, where users share their bigoted, sexist, and toxic views of society in general and masculinity and femininity in particular. 2 This male supremacist online network has come to be collectively known as the manosphere.While there had initially been only marginal interest in academia, mostly by feminist scholars, 3 more recently misogyny has been taken more seriously as a driving force by both terrorism studies 4 and social movement studies scholars. 5 Another strand of research subsumes the manosphere under a broad umbrella of digital hate culture, addressing the toxic environment these and white supremacist communities produce online. 6 However, studies have tended to focus on subgroups of the manosphere without assessing the manosphere as a whole; 7 consider the online community as a more or less homogeneous 8 arena; 2 CONTENT WARNING: In this article, we cite violent misogynist language which is used in the manosphere.While this language is only employed contextually to illustrate the discursive constructions of the groups, some of the terms and expressions refer to sexual assault, self-harm and suicide, body hatred and fat phobia, and other physical, psychological, and structural types of violence.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.4324/9781003164722

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Recomputing p-values needs the paper’s full text.

Claims the paper makes

This paper’s full text isn’t openly available, so its claims and self-check weren’t run. The registry and citation checks still apply.

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Inversive sexism is not unique to the ideology of 'radical fringe groups' such as those within the manosphere, but reaches a level of endorsement among men outside of such marginal groups, and is indistinguishable from hostile and broader societal sexism.

    “Carian (2022) finds that inversive sexism is not unique to the ideology of 'radical fringe groups' such as those within the manosphere, but reaches a level of endorsement among men outside of such marginal groups, and is indistinguishable from hostile and broader societal sexism.”

    From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Carian, 2022

  • This has resulted in men's loss of privilege and threat to their hegemonic status in society, leading to what Kimmel (2013) terms aggrieved entitlement and the growing adoption and support of inversive sexism (Carian, 2022).

    “This has resulted in men's loss of privilege and threat to their hegemonic status in society, leading to what Kimmel (2013) terms aggrieved entitlement and the growing adoption and support of inversive sexism (Carian, 2022).”

    From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Carian (2022)

  • The message promoted by these videos is that unattractive men are the most disadvantaged group in society because of women, reflecting what Carian (2022) terms inversive sexism.

    “The message promoted by these videos is that unattractive men are the most disadvantaged group in society because of women, reflecting what Carian (2022) terms as inversive sexism.”

    From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Carian (2022)

  • Carian's data indicates that whilst inversive sexism is endorsed by a unique population concentrated among young and lower-middle class women and men, it is not merely an ideology of a radical fringe group.

    “However, Carian's data indicates that whilst inversive sexism is endorsed by a unique population concentrated among young and lower-middle class women and men, it is not merely an ideology of a radical fringe group.”

    From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Carian, 2022

  • The male victimisation narrative exemplifies what Carian (2022) terms inversive sexism-the belief that women are privileged in society and that men are at disadvantage.

    “The male victimisation narrative is useful to examine this convergence, exemplifying what Carian (2022) terms inversive sexism-the belief that women are privileged in society and that men are at disadvantage.”

    From Mainstreaming the Blackpill: Understanding the Incel Community on TikTok (2023) · cites this paper as Carian, 2022

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 46 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Carian, E. K., DiBranco, A., & Ebin, C.
ORCID
Venue
Routledge eBooks
Publisher
Routledge
Published
2022-02-24
DOI
10.4324/9781003164722
OpenAlex
W4213417957
Cited by
38
References
46
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 6
FWCI
12.25
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
closed
Locations
Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender, Feminism, and Media
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Roles and Identity Studies
Keywords
manosphere, male supremacy, hegemonic masculinity, hybrid masculinity, misogyny, pick-up artists, anti-feminism, femininity

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review