The DOI matches its Crossref record, with a small difference in title or year.
Green Gentrification
Abstract
Green Gentrification looks at the social consequences of urban "greening" from an environmental justice and sustainable development perspective. Through a comparative examination of five cases of urban greening in Brooklyn, New York, it demonstrates that such initiatives, while positive for the environment, tend to increase inequality and thus undermine the social pillar of sustainable development. Although greening is ostensibly intended to improve environmental conditions in neighborhoods, it generates green gentrification that pushes out the working-class, and people of color, and attracts white, wealthier in-migrants. Simply put, urban greening "richens and whitens," remaking the city for the sustainability class. Without equity-oriented public policy intervention, urban greening is negatively redistributive in global cities. This book argues that environmental injustice outcomes are not inevitable. Early public policy interventions aimed at neighborhood stabilization can create more just sustainability outcomes. It highlights the negative social consequences of green growth coalition efforts to green the global city, and suggests policy choices to address them. The book applies the lessons learned from green gentrification in Brooklyn to urban greening initiatives globally. It offers comparison with other greening global cities. This is a timely and original book for all those studying environmental justice, urban planning, environmental sociology, and sustainable develo…
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“According to Gould and Lewis (2016), neighborhoods with solid community organizations experience less displacement in green gentrification.”
From Design for Climate Change in the Neoliberal Present: Gentrification, Ecocide, and the Loss of Urbanity in New York City (2022) · cites this paper as Gould and Lewis 2016
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Nature Contact and Human Health: A Research Agenda
Frumkin, H., Bratman, G. N., Breslow, S. J., Cochran, B., Kahn Jr, P. H., Lawler, J. J., Levin, P. S., Tandon, P. S., Varanasi, U., Wolf, K. L., et al. (2017) · Environmental Health Perspectives · doi:10.1289/ehp1663 · Cited by 1,237
Haase, D., Kabisch, S., Haase, A., Andersson, E., Banzhaf, E., Baró, F., Brenck, M., Fischer, L. K., Frantzeskaki, N., Kabisch, N., et al. (2017) · Habitat International · doi:10.1016/j.habitatint.2017.04.005 · Cited by 592
Climate gentrification: from theory to empiricism in Miami-Dade County, Florida
Keenan, J. M., Hill, T., & Gumber, A. (2018) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/aabb32 · Cited by 351
Why green “climate gentrification” threatens poor and vulnerable populations
Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J. T., Pearsall, H., Shokry, G., Checker, M., Maantay, J., Gould, K., Lewis, T., Maroko, A., & Roberts, J. T. (2019) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1920490117 · Cited by 340
Self-citationRigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2018) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.03.016 · Cited by 280
An ecosystem service perspective on urban nature, physical activity, and health
Remme, R. P., Frumkin, H., Guerry, A. D., King, A. C., Mandle, L., Sarabu, C. R., Bratman, G. N., Giles‐Corti, B., Hamel, P., Han, B., et al. (2021) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2018472118 · Cited by 269
Challenges of mainstreaming green infrastructure in built environment professions
Zuniga-Teran, A. A., Staddon, C., de Vito, L., Gerlak, A. K., Ward, S., Schoeman, Y., Hart, A., & Booth, G. (2020) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2019.1605890 · Cited by 255
Cole, H. V. S., Garcia Lamarca, M., Connolly, J. J. T., & Anguelovski, I. (2017) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2017-209201 · Cited by 238
Weaving notions of justice into urban ecosystem services research and practice
Langemeyer, J., & Connolly, J. J. T. (2020) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.03.021 · Cited by 237
Shokry, G., Connolly, J. J., & Anguelovski, I. (2020) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2019.100539 · Cited by 227
Determining the health benefits of green space: Does gentrification matter?
Cole, H. V. S., Mas, M. T., Connolly, J. J., & Anguelovski, I. (2019) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2019.02.001 · Cited by 211
Contributions of green infrastructure to enhancing urban resilience
Staddon, C., Ward, S., Vito, L. D., Zúñiga-Terán, A. A., Gerlak, A. K., Schoeman, Y., Hart, A., & Booth, G. (2018) · Environment Systems & Decisions · doi:10.1007/s10669-018-9702-9 · Cited by 207
Low‐Carbon Gentrification: When Climate Change Encounters Residential Displacement
Bouzarovski, S., Frankowski, J., & Herrero, S. T. (2018) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12634 · Cited by 203
Kotsila, P., Anguelovski, I., Baró, F., Langemeyer, J., Sekulova, F., & Connolly, J. J. (2020) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/2514848620901437 · Cited by 199
McClintock, N. (2017) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1365582 · Cited by 186
Pearsall, H., & Eller, J. K. (2019) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2019.103708 · Cited by 178
Environmental Justice in Accessibility to Green Infrastructure in Two European Cities
Silva, C. D. S., Viegas, I., Panagopoulos, Τ., & Bell, S. (2018) · Land · doi:10.3390/land7040134 · Cited by 162
Green and Gray: New Ideologies of Nature in Urban Sustainability Policy
Wachsmuth, D., & Angelo, H. (2018) · Annals of the American Association of Geographers · doi:10.1080/24694452.2017.1417819 · Cited by 161
How ‘just’ is hybrid governance of urban nature-based solutions?
Toxopeus, H. S., Kotsila, P., Conde, M., Katona, A., van der Jagt, A., & Polzin, F. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102839 · Cited by 158
Breaking Down and Building Up: Gentrification, Its drivers, and Urban Health Inequality
Cole, H. V. S., Mehdipanah, R., Gullón, P., & Mas, M. T. (2021) · Current Environmental Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s40572-021-00309-5 · Cited by 156
Hernández, D., & Siegel, E. (2018) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2018.08.011 · Cited by 143
Bočkarjova, M., Botzen, W. J. W., van Schie, M. H., & Koetse, M. J. (2020) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.06.024 · Cited by 137
From Jacobs to the Just City: A foundation for challenging the green planning orthodoxy
Connolly, J. J. (2018) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2018.05.011 · Cited by 133
Keith, S. J., Larson, L. R., Shafer, C. S., Hallo, J. C., & Fernandez, M. (2018) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.12.007 · Cited by 124
Haeffner, M., Jackson‐Smith, D. B., Buchert, M. P., & Risley, J. K. O. (2017) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.06.008 · Cited by 121
Loughran, K. (2018) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098018763555 · Cited by 121
Roy, M., Shemdoe, R., Hulme, D., Mwageni, N. F., & Gough, A. (2018) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2017.11.011 · Cited by 113
From Green Gentrification to Resilience Gentrification: An Example from Brooklyn
Gould, K. A., & Lewis, T. L. (2018) · City & Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12283 · Cited by 110
Self-citationAmorim‐Maia, A. T., Calcagni, F., Connolly, J. J., Anguelovski, I., & Langemeyer, J. (2020) · Environmental Science & Policy · doi:10.1016/j.envsci.2020.05.021 · Cited by 109
García‐Lamarca, M., Anguelovski, I., Cole, H. V. S., Connolly, J. J., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., & Mas, M. T. (2021) · Geoforum · doi:10.1016/j.geoforum.2021.11.016 · Cited by 108
Deep mapping gentrification in a large Canadian city using deep learning and Google Street View
Ilic, L., Sawada, M., & Zarzelli, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0212814 · Cited by 107
Residential segregation and outdoor urban moist heat stress disparities in the United States
Chakraborty, T., Newman, A. J., Qian, Y., Hsu, A., & Sheriff, G. D. (2023) · One Earth · doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2023.05.016 · Cited by 107
Cole, H. V. S., Anguelovski, I., Baró, F., García‐Lamarca, M., Kotsila, P., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., & Mas, M. T. (2020) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1785176 · Cited by 96
Can smaller parks limit green gentrification? Insights from Hangzhou, China
Yu, C., Xu, Z., Byrne, J., Xu, T., Wang, S., & Wu, J. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127009 · Cited by 95
Do the characteristics of new green space contribute to gentrification?
Kim, S. K., & Wu, L. (2021) · Urban Studies · doi:10.1177/0042098021989951 · Cited by 95
Urban extreme heat, climate change, and saving lives: Lessons from Washington state
Kearl, Z., & Vogel, J. M. (2022) · Urban Climate · doi:10.1016/j.uclim.2022.101392 · Cited by 92
Anguelovski, I., Cole, H. V. S., O’Neill, E., Baró, F., Kotsila, P., Sekulova, F., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., García‐Lamarca, M., Argüelles, L., et al. (2021) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2021.102698 · Cited by 90
Contested Spaces: Intimate Segregation and Environmental Gentrification on Chicago's 606 Trail
Harris, B., Schmalz, D. L., Larson, L. R., Fernandez, M., & Griffin, S. F. (2019) · City and Community · doi:10.1111/cico.12422 · Cited by 89
Großmann, K., Connolly, J. J., Dereniowska, M., Mattioli, G., Nitschke, L., Thomas, N., & Varo, A. (2021) · Environment and Planning E Nature and Space · doi:10.1177/25148486211029427 · Cited by 89
Mullenbach, L. E., & Baker, B. L. (2018) · Leisure Sciences · doi:10.1080/01490400.2018.1458261 · Cited by 88
del Pulgar, C. P., Anguelovski, I., & Connolly, J. J. (2019) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2019.102438 · Cited by 84
Thompson‐Spain, A., Bunds, K. S., Larson, L. R., Cutts, B. B., & Hipp, J. A. (2023) · Sustainable Development · doi:10.1002/sd.2510 · Cited by 82
Diversifying the compact city: A renewed agenda for geographical research
Haarstad, H., Kjærås, K., Røe, P. G., & Tveiten, K. (2022) · Dialogues in Human Geography · doi:10.1177/20438206221102949 · Cited by 81
Equity concerns in transformative planning: Barcelona’s Superblocks under scrutiny
Anguelovski, I., Honey‐Rosés, J., & Marquet, O. (2023) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2023.2207929 · Cited by 80
Mas, M. T., Anguelovski, I., García‐Lamarca, M., Argüelles, L., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., Connolly, J. J., & Cole, H. V. S. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113964 · Cited by 79
Environmental justice and rural studies: A critical conversation and invitation to collaboration
Pellow, D. N. (2016) · Journal of Rural Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2016.06.018 · Cited by 79
Sowing Seeds of Displacement: Gentrification and Food Justice in Oakland, CA
Alkon, A. H., & Cadji, Y. J. (2018) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12684 · Cited by 78
Yazar, M., Hestad, D., Mangalagiu, D., Saysel, A. K., Ma, Y., & Thornton, T. F. (2019) · Climatic Change · doi:10.1007/s10584-019-02509-3 · Cited by 76
The politics of urban trees: Tree planting is associated with gentrification in Portland, Oregon
Donovan, G. H., Prestemon, J. P., Butry, D. T., Kaminski, A. R., & Monleón, V. J. (2020) · Forest Policy and Economics · doi:10.1016/j.forpol.2020.102387 · Cited by 72
Green gentrification or gentrified greening: Metropolitan Melbourne
Sharifi, F., Nygaard, C. A., Stone, W. M., & Levin, I. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105577 · Cited by 70
Added value? Denaturalizing the “good” of urban greening
Angelo, H. (2019) · Geography Compass · doi:10.1111/gec3.12459 · Cited by 70
Can daily mobility alleviate green inequality from living and working environments?
Wang, B., Xu, T., Gao, H., Ta, N., Chai, Y., & Wu, J. (2021) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2021.104179 · Cited by 68
He, S., Wu, Y., & Wang, L. (2020) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2020.00010 · Cited by 67
Nonprofits and park equity in Los Angeles: a promising way forward for environmental justice
Rigolon, A. (2018) · Urban Geography · doi:10.1080/02723638.2018.1511192 · Cited by 67
OUT IN SPACE: Difference and Abstraction in Planetary Urbanization
Angelo, H., & Goh, K. (2020) · International Journal of Urban and Regional Research · doi:10.1111/1468-2427.12911 · Cited by 67
Humanity for Habitat: Residential Yards as an Opportunity for Biodiversity Conservation
Lerman, S. B., Larson, K. L., Narango, D. L., Goddard, M. A., & Marra, P. P. (2023) · BioScience · doi:10.1093/biosci/biad085 · Cited by 66
Fresh food, new faces: community gardening as ecological gentrification in St. Louis, Missouri
Braswell, T. H. (2018) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-018-9875-3 · Cited by 66
Oscilowicz, E., Anguelovski, I., García‐Lamarca, M., Cole, H. V. S., Shokry, G., del Pulgar, C. P., Argüelles, L., & Connolly, J. J. (2023) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2023.2180381 · Cited by 65
Rigolon, A., & Németh, J. (2019) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2018.1562846 · Cited by 63
Mullenbach, L. E., Baker, B. L., Benfield, J. A., Hickerson, B. D., & Mowen, A. J. (2019) · Journal of Leisure Research · doi:10.1080/00222216.2019.1581719 · Cited by 62
The Right to the Resilient City: Progressive Politics and the Green Growth Machine in New York City
DuPuis, E. M., & Greenberg, M. (2019) · Journal of Environmental Studies and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s13412-019-0538-5 · Cited by 61
Harris, B., Rigolon, A., & Fernandez, M. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102885 · Cited by 56
Ortiz-Moya, F. (2018) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2018.1448225 · Cited by 55
Green space and the compact city: planning issues for a ‘new normal’
Lennon, M. (2020) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2020.1778843 · Cited by 55
Goh, K. (2021) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/12801.001.0001 · Cited by 54
Kim, H., Woosnam, K. M., & Kim, H. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103514 · Cited by 53
Dupigny‐Giroux, L. L., Mecray, E. L., Stampone, M. D., Hodgkins, G. A., Lentz, E. E., Mills, K. E., Lane, E. D., Miller, R., Hollinger, D. Y., SOLECKI, W. D., et al. (2018) · doi:10.7930/nca4.2018.ch18 · Cited by 53
Environmental Sustainability Approaches and Positive Energy Districts: A Literature Review
Marotta, I., Guarino, F., Longo, S., & Cellura, M. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su132313063 · Cited by 51
Buck, K. D., Summers, J. K., & Smith, L. M. (2021) · Sustainable Cities and Society · doi:10.1016/j.scs.2021.102732 · Cited by 51
Visualizing fairness: distributional equity of urban green spaces for marginalized groups
Kim, J., Lee, K. J., & Thapa, B. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Planning and Management · doi:10.1080/09640568.2021.1915258 · Cited by 48
Theorizing urban agriculture: north–south convergence
Gray, L. C., Elgert, L., & Winklerprins, A. M. G. A. (2020) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-020-10015-x · Cited by 48
Oscilowicz, E., Anguelovski, I., Mas, M. T., García‐Lamarca, M., Baró, F., & Cole, H. V. S. (2022) · Cities & Health · doi:10.1080/23748834.2022.2072057 · Cited by 48
Slow violence in public parks in the U.S.: can we escape our troubling past?
Lee, K. J., Fernandez, M., SCOTT, D. A., & Floyd, M. F. (2022) · Social & Cultural Geography · doi:10.1080/14649365.2022.2028182 · Cited by 47
Beekeeping in, of or for the city? A socioecological perspective on urban apiculture
Sponsler, D. B., & Bratman, E. Z. (2021) · People and Nature · doi:10.1002/pan3.10206 · Cited by 47
Missing the Housing for the Trees: Equity in Urban Climate Planning
Angelo, H., MacFarlane, K., Sirigotis, J., & Millard‐Ball, A. (2022) · Journal of Planning Education and Research · doi:10.1177/0739456x211072527 · Cited by 46
Cole, H. V. S., Anguelovski, I., Connolly, J. J., García‐Lamarca, M., del Pulgar, C. P., Shokry, G., & Mas, M. T. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.113907 · Cited by 46
von Platten, J., Mangold, M., Johansson, T. D., & Mjörnell, K. (2022) · Energy Research & Social Science · doi:10.1016/j.erss.2022.102791 · Cited by 45
Zhou, L., Shen, G., Li, C., Chen, T., Li, S., & Brown, R. (2021) · Land Use Policy · doi:10.1016/j.landusepol.2021.105280 · Cited by 43
Shokry, G., Anguelovski, I., & Connolly, J. J. T. (2023) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2022.2160339 · Cited by 42
Subverting the new narrative: food, gentrification and resistance in Oakland, California
Alkon, A. H., Cadji, Y. J., & Moore, F. (2019) · Agriculture and Human Values · doi:10.1007/s10460-019-09954-x · Cited by 41
Rigolon, A., Stewart, W. P., & Gobster, P. H. (2020) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2020.102948 · Cited by 41
COVID-19 as a systemic shock: curb or catalyst for proactive policies towards territorial cohesion?
Bourdin, S., Moodie, J. R., Gassen, N. S., Evers, D., Adobati, F., Amdaoud, M., Arcuri, G., Casti, E., Cottereau, V., Eva, M., et al. (2023) · Regional Studies · doi:10.1080/00343404.2023.2242387 · Cited by 39
Bjork‐James, C., Checker, M., & Edelman, M. (2022) · Annual Review of Environment and Resources · doi:10.1146/annurev-environ-112320-084822 · Cited by 38
Do green neighbourhoods promote urban health justice?
Anguelovski, I., Cole, H., Connolly, J., & Triguero-Mas, M. (2018) · The Lancet Public Health · doi:10.1016/s2468-2667(18)30096-3 · Cited by 37
Remme, D., & Haarstad, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2022.917607 · Cited by 37
Green state entrepreneurialism: Building the park city in Chengdu, China
Zhang, F., & Wu, F. (2024) · Transactions in Planning and Urban Research · doi:10.1177/27541223241253231 · Cited by 36
SOLECKI, W. D., & Friedman, E. (2021) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-090419-102302 · Cited by 36
Urban Political Ecology from Below: Producing a “Peoples’ History” of the Portland Harbor
Goodling, E. (2019) · Antipode · doi:10.1111/anti.12493 · Cited by 35
Walker, R. H. (2021) · Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning · doi:10.1080/1523908x.2021.1945917 · Cited by 35
Critical discourse analysis of urban park and public space development
Mullenbach, L. E. (2021) · Cities · doi:10.1016/j.cities.2021.103458 · Cited by 35
Harris, B., Schmalz, D. L., Larson, L. R., & Fernandez, M. (2020) · Urban Affairs Review · doi:10.1177/1078087420909529 · Cited by 34
Three Histories of Greening and Whiteness in American Cities
Connolly, J. J. T., & Anguelovski, I. (2021) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2021.621783 · Cited by 33
Sit, K. Y., Chen, W. Y., Ng, K. Y., Koh, K. P., & Zhang, H. (2024) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105225 · Cited by 33
Do new urban parks really improve green equity? A longitudinal analysis of Shanghai (2000–2020)
Xiao, Y., & Cen, L. (2025) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2025.105519 · Cited by 33
Sen, A., & Nagendra, H. (2020) · Landscape and Urban Planning · doi:10.1016/j.landurbplan.2020.103933 · Cited by 33
What does it mean for a transitioning urban waterfront to “work” from a sustainability perspective?
Evans, C., Harris, M. S., Taufen, A., Livesley, S. J., & Crommelin, L. (2022) · Journal of Urbanism International Research on Placemaking and Urban Sustainability · doi:10.1080/17549175.2022.2142648 · Cited by 32
Gentrification: The role of dialogue in community engagement and social cohesion
Bernstein, A. G., & Isaac, C. A. (2021) · Journal of Urban Affairs · doi:10.1080/07352166.2021.1877550 · Cited by 32
Pursuit of environmental justice in urban forest planning and practice
Grant, A., Millward, A. A., & Edge, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Sustainable Cities · doi:10.3389/frsc.2023.1233878 · Cited by 32
The multi-scalar politics of urban greening in Forest City, Malaysia
Moser, S., & Avery, E. (2021) · Urban forestry & urban greening · doi:10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127068 · Cited by 31
Gentrification through the ages
Verlaan, T., & Hochstenbach, C. (2022) · City · doi:10.1080/13604813.2022.2058820 · Cited by 30
Metadata
- Authors
- Gould, K., & Lewis, T.
- Affiliations
- City University of New York (US)
- Venue
- Sage eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2016-07-15
- OpenAlex
- W4242381599
- Cited by
- 355
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 57 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 39 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 35 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 1
- Type
- reference entry
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Sage eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Environmental Justice and Health Disparities
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Green Space and Health
- Keywords
- green gentrification, urban greening, environmental justice, sustainable development, social inequality, neighborhood displacement, working-class residents, people of color, global cities, Brooklyn
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review