The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Structural Equation Modeling With AMOS: Basic Concepts, Applications, and Programming, Third Edition
Abstract
This bestselling text provides a practical guide to structural equation modeling (SEM) using the Amos Graphical approach. Using clear, everyday language, the text is ideal for those with little to no exposure to either SEM or Amos. The author reviews SEM applications based on actual data taken from her own research. Each chapter "walks" readers through the steps involved (specification, estimation, evaluation, and post hoc modification) in testing a variety of SEM models. Accompanying each application is: an explanation of the issues addressed and a schematic presentation of hypothesized model structure; Amos input and output with interpretations; use of the Amos toolbar icons and pull-down menus; and data upon which the model application was based, together with updated references pertinent to the SEM model tested. Thoroughly updated throughout, the new edition features: All new screen shots featuring Amos Version 23. Descriptions and illustrations of Amos’ new Tables View format which enables the specification of a structural model in spreadsheet form. Key concepts and/or techniques that introduce each chapter. Alternative approaches to model analyses when enabled by Amos thereby allowing users to determine the method best suited to their data. Provides analysis of the same model based on continuous and categorical data (Ch. 5) thereby enabling readers to observe two ways of specifying and testing the same model as well as compare results. All applications based on the Amos graphical mode interface accompanied by more "how to" coverage of graphical techniques unique to Amos. More explanation of key procedures and analyses that address questions posed by readers All application data files are available at www.routledge.com/9781138797031. The two introductory chapters in Section 1 review the fundamental concepts of SEM methodology and a general overview of the Amos program. Section 2 provides single-group analyses applications including two first-order confirmatory factor analytic (CFA) models, one second-order CFA model, and one full latent variable model. Section 3 presents multiple-group analyses applications with two rooted in the analysis of covariance structures and one in the analysis of mean and covariance structures. Two models that are increasingly popular with SEM practitioners, construct validity and testing change over time using the latent growth curve, are presented in Section 4. The book concludes with a review of the use of bootstrapping to address non-normal data and a review of missing (or incomplete) data in Section 5. An ideal supplement for graduate level courses in psychology, education, business, and social and health sciences that cover the fundamentals of SEM with a focus on Amos, this practical text continues to be a favorite of both researchers and practitioners. A prerequisite of basic statistics through regression analysis is recommended but no exposure to either SEM or Amos is required.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“No deviations from the normal distribution were found considering skewness (Sk, < 3.0) and kurtosis (Ku, ≤ 7.0) absolute values (Byrne, 2016).”
From Burnout and Stress Measurement in Police Officers: Literature Review and a Study With the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire (2020) · cites this paper as Byrne, 2016
In the citing paper
“Model fit statistics were mixed, with good fit indicated by the Bollen‐Stine bootstrap (p = .072), RMSEA (.049, 90% CI [.007, .091]), CFI (.997) and SRMR (.012). Chi‐square was significant (χ 2 = 8.12, df = 3, p = .044) indicating poor fit, but this statistic is sensitive to large sample sizes (Byrne, 2016).”
From Associations between psychological inflexibility processes, pre‐sleep arousal and sleep quality. (2025) · cites this paper as Byrne, 2016
Citations
Cites
Still being checked.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,101–1,200 of 1,339
Attitudinal and Behavioral Loyalty Toward Virtual Goods
Kaur, P., Dhir, A., Chen, S., & Rajala, R. (2019) · Journal of Computer Information Systems · doi:10.1080/08874417.2019.1568844 · Cited by 23
Frequency and Duration of Use, Craving and Negative Emotions in Problematic Online Sexual Activities
Chen, L., Ding, C., Jiang, X., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2018.1547234 · Cited by 24
Xue, D., Chen, H., Zhan, W., Huang, X., He, Y., Zhao, C., Zhu, D., & Liu, J. (2021) · Land Degradation and Development · doi:10.1002/ldr.4013 · Cited by 23
Varghese, S. A. (2017) · Journal of Social Service Research · doi:10.1080/01488376.2017.1374315 · Cited by 23
Basili, E., Zuffianò, A., Pastorelli, C., Thartori, E., Lunetti, C., Favini, A., Cirimele, F., Di Giunta, L., Gerbino, M., Bacchini, D., et al. (2021) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0251437 · Cited by 23
Butler, S. F., Budman, S. H., McGee, M. D., Davis, M. S., Cornelli, R., & Morey, L. C. (2005) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2005.05.005 · Cited by 22
Moldavanova, A. V., & Wright, N. S. (2020) · The American Review of Public Administration · doi:10.1177/0275074019884316 · Cited by 22
Health anxiety, coping mechanisms and COVID 19: An Indian community sample at week 1 of lockdown
Barron Millar, E., Singhal, D., Vijayaraghavan, P., Seshadri, S., Smith, E., Dixon, P., Humble, S., Rodgers, J., & Sharma, A. N. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0250336 · Cited by 21
Merino, M. D., Facultad de Psicología, D. D. P., Privado, J., Gracia, Z., & Facultad de Psicología, D. D. M. D. L. C. D. C. (2015) · Salud mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2015.015 · Cited by 22
Kao, P. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01630-y · Cited by 30
Tolossa, A. T., Singh, M., & Gautam, R. K. (2024) · Journal of Innovation and Entrepreneurship · doi:10.1186/s13731-024-00398-0 · Cited by 43
Hasan, S. A. S., Waghule, S. N., Koliby, I. S. A., Al‐Bukhrani, M. A., Haifi, M. M. A., & Hasan, M. B. (2024) · Discover Sustainability · doi:10.1007/s43621-024-00389-x · Cited by 36
Sustainable development through eco-innovation: A focus on small and medium enterprises in Colombia
Tegethoff, T. M., Santa, R., Bucheli, J. M., Cabrera, B., & Scavarda, A. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0316620 · Cited by 22
Alojairi, A., Akhtar, N., Ali, H. M., & Basiouni, A. F. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11133662 · Cited by 22
Utilising Enterprise Social Media for Product Innovation: The Role of Market Orientation
Mpandare, M., & Li, G. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093913 · Cited by 22
Nordhall, O., Knez, I., Saboonchi, F., & Willander, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01538 · Cited by 35
Jeong, H., Choi, H., & Park, M. S. (2020) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.20109 · Cited by 22
Batıgün, A. D., Ertürk, İ. Ş., Gör, N., & Akik, B. K. (2020) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-020-01038-y · Cited by 24
Jere, J. N. (2020) · South African journal of information management · doi:10.4102/sajim.v22i1.1280 · Cited by 22
Tabares, Á. S. G., & Palacio, N. M. D. (2021) · Anuario de Psicología Jurídica · doi:10.5093/apj2021a10 · Cited by 29
Konaszewski, K., Niesiobędzka, M., & Surżykiewicz, J. (2021) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-021-01716-w · Cited by 22
Ortega-Cejas, C. M., Roldán-Merino, J. F., Lluch‐Canut, T., Castrillo-Pérez, M. I., Vicente‐Hernández, M. M., Jimènez-Barragan, M., Biurrún-Garrido, A., Farrés‐Tarafa, M., Casas, I., & Cabrera‐Jaime, S. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248595 · Cited by 22
Ploj Virtič, M., Du Plessis, A., & Šorgo, A. (2023) · European Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1080/02619768.2021.1957828 · Cited by 22
Variation in Physical Performance of Futsal Players During Congested Fixtures
Ribeiro, J. N., Monteiro, D., Gonçalves, B. V., Brito, J., Sampaio, J. E., & Travassos, B. F. R. (2021) · International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance · doi:10.1123/ijspp.2020-0922 · Cited by 22
Wang, J., Zhu, D., Cheng, X., Liuzhou, Y., Zhu, B., Montgomery, S., & Cao, Y. (2022) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980022000040 · Cited by 24
Li, W., Gill, S. A., Wang, Y., Safdar, M. A., & Sheikh, M. R. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.927458 · Cited by 41
Shahzalal, M., & Adnan, H. M. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14169822 · Cited by 28
Huang, E. Y. Z., Cheung, J., Liu, J. Y. W., Kwan, R. Y. C., & Lam, S. C. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03437-1 · Cited by 24
Kao, P. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20043460 · Cited by 28
Iglesia, P. M., Acosta, K., Yebra, M. A., & Fernández, A. G. (2023) · Science Education · doi:10.1002/sce.21793 · Cited by 46
Topçuoğlu, E., Oktaysoy, O., ERDOĞAN, S. U., Kaygın, E., & Karafakıoğlu, E. (2023) · Marketing and Management of Innovations · doi:10.21272/mmi.2023.1-11 · Cited by 22
Determinants affecting customer intention to use chatbots in the banking sector
Shaikh, I. A. K., Khan, S., & Faisal, S. (2023) · Innovative Marketing · doi:10.21511/im.19(4).2023.21 · Cited by 22
The impact of ski servicescape on tourist loyalty: evidence from Chinese market
Huang, S. (2024) · Current Issues in Tourism · doi:10.1080/13683500.2023.2300038 · Cited by 24
Self-esteem, need for achievement, risk-taking propensity and consequent entrepreneurial intentions
Steenkamp, A., Meyer, N., & Bevan-Dye, A. L. (2024) · The Southern African Journal of Entrepreneurship and Small Business Management · doi:10.4102/sajesbm.v16i1.753 · Cited by 22
Nobile, J. J. D., Lipscombe, K., Tindall‐Ford, S., & Grice, C. (2024) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432241231871 · Cited by 22
Mitropoulou, E. M. (2024) · Journal of Social Media Research · doi:10.29329/jsomer.2 · Cited by 22
Al-Yagon, M. (2014) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-014-9942-3 · Cited by 22
Khazaal, Y., Chatton, A., Monney, G., Nallet, A., Khan, R., ZULLINO, D. F., & Etter, J. (2015) · Substance Abuse Treatment Prevention and Policy · doi:10.1186/s13011-015-0002-9 · Cited by 21
Duivenvoorde, G. P. J., Briggs, R. O., Kolfschoten, G. L., & de Vreede, G. (2009) · Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS) · doi:10.1109/hicss.2009.469 · Cited by 22
Toledano‐Toledano, F., de la Rubia, J. M., McCubbin, L. D., Liebenberg, L., Jiménez, J. A. V., Rivera-Rivera, L., Hart, A., Barajas-Nava, L. A., García, M. S., Valverde, S. M., et al. (2017) · Health and Quality of Life Outcomes · doi:10.1186/s12955-017-0817-3 · Cited by 22
The role of perceived risk on intention to use online banking in Vietnam
Nguyen, T. D., & Nguyen, T. C. H. (2017) · International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communications and Informatics (ICACCI) · doi:10.1109/icacci.2017.8126122 · Cited by 22
Onu, D., Oats, L., & Kirchler, E. M. (2018) · Applied Psychology · doi:10.1111/apps.12151 · Cited by 26
Hammad, N. M., Ahmad, S. Z., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2018) · International Journal of Tourism Research · doi:10.1002/jtr.2241 · Cited by 24
Word of mouth communication in political marketing: Understanding and managing referrals
Chowdhury, T. A., & Naheed, S. (2018) · Journal of Marketing Communications · doi:10.1080/13527266.2018.1523217 · Cited by 25
Wang, X., Xu, L., & Hao, Y. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216751 · Cited by 22
Harenberg, S., Riemer, H. A., Dorsch, K. D., Karreman, E., & Paradis, K. F. (2019) · Journal of Applied Sport Psychology · doi:10.1080/10413200.2019.1631903 · Cited by 22
Arriaga, P., Alexandre, J., Postolache, O. A., Fonseca, M. J., Langlois, T., & Chambel, T. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs10010008 · Cited by 22
Segado‐Boj, F., Díaz-Campo, J., Asencio, E. N., & Remacha-González, L. (2020) · Revista Mediterránea de Comunicación · doi:10.14198/medcom2020.11.2.12 · Cited by 22
Ghasemy, M., Muhammad, F., Jamali, J., & Roldán, J. L. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211030598 · Cited by 28
Yang, Y., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Health Communication · doi:10.1080/10410236.2021.1962586 · Cited by 22
Noriega, C., Velasco, C., & López, J. (2020) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407519886661 · Cited by 21
An explanatory model of dating violence risk factors in Spanish adolescents
Aizpitarte, A., Alonso‐Arbiol, I., & Van de Vijver, F. J. R. (2017) · Journal of Research on Adolescence · doi:10.1111/jora.12315 · Cited by 21
Tingaz, E. O., Solmaz, S., Ekiz, M. A., & Atasoy, M. (2023) · Sport Sciences for Health · doi:10.1007/s11332-022-00935-y · Cited by 21
Mechanism Between Physical Activity and Academic Anxiety: Evidence from Pakistan
Kayani, S., Wang, J., Biasutti, M., Zagalaz Sánchez, M. L., Kiyani, T., & Kayani, S. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12093595 · Cited by 21
Tabares, Á. S. G., Restrepo, J. E., & Zapata-Lesmes, G. (2024) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2024.115968 · Cited by 33
Moura, A., Mira, M. D. R., & Teixeira, A. R. (2025) · Tourism and Hospitality · doi:10.3390/tourhosp6010007 · Cited by 21
American Muslim College Students: The Impact of Religiousness and Stigma on Active Coping
Herzig, B. A., Roysircar, G., Kosyluk, K. A., & Corrigan, P. W. (2013) · Journal of Muslim Mental Health · doi:10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0007.103 · Cited by 21
Nunes, S. A. N., Fernandes, H. M., Fisher, J. W., & Fernandes, M. G. (2018) · Psicologia Reflexão e Crítica · doi:10.1186/s41155-018-0083-2 · Cited by 21
Algan, E. K., & Ummanel, A. (2019) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su11195489 · Cited by 21
Applicability of the Ego-Resilience Scale (ER89) in the Chinese Cultural Context: A Validation Study
Chen, X., He, J., & Fan, X. (2019) · Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment · doi:10.1177/0734282919889242 · Cited by 22
HOW INNOVATIVENESS MEDIATES THE EFFECTS OF ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE AND LEADERSHIP ON PERFORMANCE
Suifan, T. S. (2020) · International Journal of Innovation Management · doi:10.1142/s136391962150016x · Cited by 21
Jigani, A.-I., Delcea, C., & Ioanăş, C. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12166527 · Cited by 23
Emam, M. M., Al-Hendawi, M., & Ali, D. G. (2021) · Journal of Family Studies · doi:10.1080/13229400.2021.1893791 · Cited by 21
Venesoja, A., Lindström, V., Aronen, P., Castrén, M. K., & Tella, S. (2021) · Scandinavian Journal of Trauma Resuscitation and Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13049-021-00960-9 · Cited by 21
Wang, R.-N., & Chang, Y. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Methodology · doi:10.12973/ijem.8.2.297 · Cited by 32
Zhang, X., Cheng, B., Yang, X., Suo, X., Pan, N., Chen, T., Wang, S., & Gong, Q. (2022) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-022-02020-8 · Cited by 21
Cho, H., Lee, D., & Lee, J.-G. (2022) · Universal Access in the Information Society · doi:10.1007/s10209-022-00913-8 · Cited by 24
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Zamani, E., & Griffiths, M. D. (2022) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2022.2149742 · Cited by 23
Antecedents of Primary School Quality: The Case of Remote Areas Schools in Indonesia
Juharyanto, J., Arifin, I., Sultoni, S., Adha, M. A., & Qureshi, M. I. (2023) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440221144971 · Cited by 51
Huang, L. S., Molenberghs, P., & Mussap, A. J. (2023) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.22083 · Cited by 21
Al-Abayechi, Y. F., & Al-Khafaji, A. S. (2023) · Civil Engineering Journal · doi:10.28991/cej-2023-09-10-013 · Cited by 24
Razak, R. A., Yusoff, S. M., Leng, C. H., & Marzaini, A. F. M. (2023) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0293325 · Cited by 31
Kuhail, M. A., Bahja, M., Al-Shamaileh, O., Thomas, J., Alkazemi, A., & Negreiros, J. G. M. (2024) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2024.3402977 · Cited by 28
Ward, H. A., Tarasuk, V. S., Mendelson, R., & McKeown‐Eyssen, G. (2007) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/1479-5868-4-8 · Cited by 21
Lai, W., & Vịnh, N. Q. (2013) · International Journal of Marketing Studies · doi:10.5539/ijms.v5n1p70 · Cited by 21
The use of the bi-factor model to test the uni-dimensionality of a battery of reasoning tests
Primi, R., da Silva, M. R., Rodrigues, P., Muniz, M., & Almeida, L. S. (2013) · Psicothema · doi:10.7334/psicothema2011.393 · Cited by 21
Bailey, A. W., & Kang, H. (2014) · Journal of Adventure Education & Outdoor Learning · doi:10.1080/14729679.2014.949809 · Cited by 21
Bean, C. N., & Forneris, T. (2017) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2017.1350825 · Cited by 23
Coertjens, L., Donche, V., Mæyer, S. D., Vanthournout, G., & Petegem, P. V. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182615 · Cited by 21
Back, C.-Y., Hyun, D.-S., & Chang, S. J. (2017) · Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing · doi:10.4040/jkan.2017.47.6.770 · Cited by 21
Recalled early life adversity and pain: the role of mood, sleep, optimism, and control
Mathur, A., Graham‐Engeland, J. E., Slavish, D. C., Smyth, J. M., Lipton, R. B., Katz, M. J., & Sliwinski, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10865-018-9917-8 · Cited by 21
The Measurement of Adult Pathological Demand Avoidance Traits
Egan, V., Linenberg, O., & O’Nions, E. (2018) · Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders · doi:10.1007/s10803-018-3722-7 · Cited by 21
Validation of employees' self-leadership using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis
Na-Nan, K., & Saribut, S. (2020) · International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management · doi:10.1108/ijqrm-10-2018-0287 · Cited by 21
Vega, M. D. L., Baez-Lopez, Y. A., Limón-Romero, J., Tlapa, D., Flores, D., Borbón, M. I. R., & Maldonado-Macías, A. A. (2020) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2020.3023633 · Cited by 21
Ghasemy, M., Rosa-Díaz, I. M., & Gaskin, J. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211030611 · Cited by 20
Developing a Conceptual Model for the Causal Effects of Outdoor Play in Preschools Using PLS-SEM
Yew, W. C., Kong, S. M., Awang, A. H., & Yi, G. R. (2022) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su14063365 · Cited by 21
Do Online Services Contribute to Establishing Brand Equity Within the Retail Banking Context?
Al-Hawari, M. A. (2011) · Journal of Relationship Marketing · doi:10.1080/15332667.2011.596466 · Cited by 21
Wilson, E. V., & Lankton, N. K. (2013) · Communications of the Association for Information Systems · doi:10.17705/1cais.03303 · Cited by 23
A structural model of early indicators of school readiness among children of poverty
Gullo, D. F. (2017) · Journal of Children and Poverty · doi:10.1080/10796126.2017.1401899 · Cited by 26
Gu, Y.-H., Xiong, L., Bai, J.-B., Hu, J., & Tan, X.-D. (2018) · Nurse Education Today · doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2018.09.026 · Cited by 19
Lord, S. E., Trudeau, K. J., Black, R. A., Lorin, L., Cooney, E., Villapiano, A., & Butler, S. F. (2011) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.3109/10826084.2010.538119 · Cited by 20
Bereded, D. G., Abebe, A. S., & Negasi, R. D. (2025) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2025.1567418 · Cited by 53
Silke, C., Brady, B., Boylan, C., & Dolan, P. (2020) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/0272431620977658 · Cited by 24
Antonietti, C., Camerini, A.-L., & Marciano, L. (2020) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2020.1858888 · Cited by 24
Skoog, T., & Kapetanovic, S. (2021) · The Journal of Early Adolescence · doi:10.1177/02724316211002265 · Cited by 23
An ecotourist by whose standards? Developing and testing the Ecotourist Identification Scale (EIS)
Beall, J. M., & Boley, B. B. (2021) · Journal of Ecotourism · doi:10.1080/14724049.2021.1919126 · Cited by 20
Zhang, W., Zhang, L. J., & Wilson, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.689581 · Cited by 25
Karimi, A., Daryani, M. A., & Rahmani, S. (2021) · Journal of global entrepreneurship research · doi:10.1007/s40497-021-00282-1 · Cited by 20
Meier, Y., Schäwel, J., & Krämer, N. C. (2021) · Studies in Communication and Media · doi:10.5771/2192-4007-2021-3-283 · Cited by 17
Metadata
- Authors
- Byrne, B. M.
- Corresponding author
- Byrne, Barbara M.
- Venue
- Routledge eBooks
- Publisher
- Routledge
- Published
- 2016-06-10
- OpenAlex
- W4297983578
- Cited by
- 4,653
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 760 · 2025: 809 · 2024: 600 · 2023: 514 · 2022: 464 · 2021: 378 · 2020: 319 · 2019: 246 · 2018: 163 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 46
- FWCI
- 79.07
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Routledge eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Psychometric Methodologies and Testing
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Bayesian Inference
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Statistical Methods and Applications
- Keywords
- structural equation modeling, confirmatory factor analysis, latent growth curve models, construct validity, latent variable models, multigroup analysis, bootstrapping, missing data, categorical data, second-order factor model, model modification, non-normal data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review