Competitiveness, Technology and Skills

“It relies on substantial and well-directed technological efforts (Lall, 2001, 2005) and on absorptive capacity (Cohen & Levinthal, 1989).”

“5 Among the main contributions to this approach, see Bell & Pavitt (1992, 1995), Dahlman et al., (1987), Enos (1991), Evenson & Westphal (1995), Fransman & King (1984), Figueiredo (2001), Katz (1987), Lall (1992, 1993, 2001), Pack & Westphal (1986), Pietrobelli (1997, 1998) and Wignaraja (1998).”

“The UNIDO Industrial Development Scoreboard divides a battery of indicators into two broad groups: the first deals with competitive industrial performance (including manufacturing value-added per capita, manufactured exports per capita, share of medium- and high-tech industries in manufacturing value-added and share o…”

“Since the 1970s, development and evolutionary economists have produced a wealth of research on capabilities building and innovation dynamics, starting from this recognition (Dosi et al., 1988; Freeman, 1974; Lall, 2001; Mazzucato, 2018).”

“As the East Asian countries differ widely in their industrial capabilities (Lall, 2001a; Lall & Albaladejo, 2002), they face different kinds and intensity of competitive threat from China.”

“Classification taken from Lall (2001), Chapter 4.”

“Source: Calculated from data in Lall (2002). Use of data from this paper has been kindly allowed by Professor Lall.”

“Indeed, for late developing countries, by definition not at the technological frontier, industrialization is a process of learning, of borrowing and improving upon technologies created in more industrialized countries (Amsden, 2001; Lall, 2001; Chang, 2002).”

“The nexus between capabilities and incentives is indeed central in many of the institutions and policies supporting industrialisation (Lall, 2001; Chang and Andreoni, 2019).”

“…of economic causality since both of ur main findings with respect to IRIP and INTPAT are onsistent with the observation made by many scholrs that inward FDI seeks global sources of competitive dvantage and will be drawn to regions of established ocational advantage (Dunning, 1993; Lall, 2001).”

“world market share dynamics, 7 together with the sectoral composition of demand, which guides the pace of structural changes within countries (Amendola et al., 1993; Dosi et al., 1990; Lall, 2001; Montobbio, 2003).”

“Technology diffusion and adoption may fail to come about due to limited domestic absorption capacity or in the absence of substantial and well-directed technological efforts by foreign and domestic firms (Lall, 1992; Lall, 2001).”

“They are often more skill-intensive than local firms, requiring workers with knowledge of technical subjects such as engineers (Lall 2001).”

“12 On capability building, see Kim (1999), Lall (2001), Ernst et al. (1995) and Westphal (2002).”

“Inspite of this, India has managed to create a highly diversified industrial base and it has managed to develop competences in a wide range of industrial activities [see Lall (2001)].”

“They get used to poor governance and weak rule of law to the point where, as CuervoCazurra and Genc point out, in the least developed countries they perform relatively better than MNCs from the developed world.”

“While large firms may well try and achieve these objectives, new MNE competitors have sprung up from developing countries, and these emerging-market firms are managing to compete successfully, as well as to access, absorb and upgrade technology (Lall, 2001; Ramamurti, 2004; UNCTAD, 2005, 2006).”

“11 See World Bank (2007) and UNCTAD-JETRO (2008).”

“World trade has shifted from resource-based to medium and high technology-based products (Lall, 2001).”

“Lall [2] defines firm competitiveness as the ability of a firm to do better than benchmark companies in terms of profitability, sales, or market share.”

“The level of development and the level of autonomy of the subsidiaries, thus, matters (see Lall 2001, p. 138).”

“Good quality and appropriate in this context means developing capabilities to absorb technical knowledge, which implies providing education in technical subjects, especially in engineering (Lall, 2001).”

“The process of innovation, upgrading and better performance in developing countries is far from being a mechanistic and riskless process, and local firms need to invest in learning and building capabilities (Lall, 1992, 2001; Morrison et al, 2008).”

“Additionally, extensive research has been carried out on the role that innovation plays in the export capacity of countries (Lall, 2001; Nassimbeni, 2001; Sandu & Ciocanel, 2014).”

“It has been argued that technology diffusion and adoption depends on technological efforts (Lall, 2001) and absorptive capacity (Fu et al.”

“Such transitions indicate, despite some limitations, the technological capabilities and competitiveness of economies (Lall 2001).”

“…for firm e, among others, Aitken and Harrison (1999), Eaton and Kortum (1999), and Harrison, Love and McMillan (2004). r example, see Kim (1991) and Lall (1993, 2001). r model specification is similar to that by Aitken and Harrison (1999) except that our dependent variable is firm R&D while theirs…”

“The importance of science and technology in driving economic upgrading has been recognised at least since the rise of the Asian Tigers (Bell and Pavitt, 1997; Kim and Nelson, 2000; Lall, 2001; Lundvall and Borrás, 2005).”

“Answers to these questions are important as they provide the basis for understanding the evolving situation in an industry which needs to compete for survival and growth (Porter 1990; Masters 1995; Stroper 1995; Papanastassou and Pearce 1999; Veiyath and Zahra 2000; Lall 2001; and Sledge 2005).”

“17 See Nelson and Winter (1982), Best (2001), Lall 2001, Paus (2005), and Katz (1996).”

“See Lall (2001).”

“See Lall (2001) for a discussion of the capability deficiency problem experienced by the developing countries in their attempt to build high-technology infrastructure and skills.”

“In the case of developing countries, technological capabilities acquired through technological efforts are considered to be an important factor in determining competitiveness at national as well as firm level (Lall, 2001; Siddharthan & Rajan, 2002).”

“A number of new industrializing countries have achieved remarkable increases in innovative output in the last decades, suggesting that they have expanded their national technological capabilities (Lall, 2001; Hobday, 1995; Freeman, 1996).”

“Lall (2001) provides a good overview of instances of market failures in the education and training system relevant for industrial development.”

“Lall (2001) asserted that economies that failed to develop their technological capabilities became losers in the globalization process.”

“Evolutionary economists emphasise the process of learning in firms’ advancement of technological capabilities for higher value-added production and the social-economic context in which capability accumulation unfolds (Lall, 2001; Nelson & Winter, 1982).”

“Lall (2001) had argued for the need for connecting firm-level capabilities with macro-policies because learning and innovation are not costless and that firms make conscious efforts to move to the technology frontier.”

“Concerning the path of development, Lall (2001) says that the appropriate strategy for any country depends not only on its objective economic situation but also on its government policies and national views regarding the appropriate role of the state.”

“The shortage of skilled workers highlighted by the World Bank (1989) and Lall (2001) has yet to be solved.”

“Cross-country econometrics has failed to give adequate attention to this issue, emphasized in the structuralist tradition (see, for example, Amsden, 2001; Lall, 2001; Palma, 2004).”

“Even development economics, a bastion of production-centred research until the 1970s, capitulated over the 1980s and 1990s as a result of the re-conceptualisation of ‘development as freedom’ (Sen 1999; Lall 2001; Chang 2010; Andreoni and Chang 2017).”

“However, in order to bring about transformative changes through the manufacturing sector, three critical factors must be in place: “the ability to sustain the growth of the sector over extended uninterrupted periods” [19], “competitiveness” [20] and “enabling policies” [21].”

“However, sustaining the path of ‘learning’ through continuous accumulation of ‘technological capabilities’ (Lall, 2001) with complex mix of ASIAN JOURNAL OF TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION 585”

“These changes are often made with the application of increasingly advanced technology and improved skills (Lall 2001).”

“Practical training is seen as insufficient and not reflecting the needs of the industry (EIU, 2004; Lall, 2001).”

“…argue that economic development is essentially about local firms building technological capabilities to the extent that they become capable of developing their own processes, products and innovations (e.g. Amsden, 2001; Dosi, Freeman, Nelson, Silverberg, & Soete, 1988; Lall, 2001; Lee, 2013).”

“These categories were constructed from a classification of products by technological level, following Lall (2001).”

“KEY WORDS: Garments, Cambodia, Laos, Burma, institutions, technological capabilities The least developed countries (LDCs) are often considered as economies with neither the natural resources nor the human-made capabilities to engender sustained growth to benefit from globalisation (see Lall, 2001).”

“Yet another definition, which is more focused on the manufacturing sectors states: ‘‘ . . . competitiveness in industrial activities means developing relative efficiency along with sustainable growth’’ (Lall, 2001, p. 6).”

“According to Lall (2001) SMEs in general tend to face three sets of competitive challenges and these are related to their size, distortions in markets and government policy interventions.”

“[25] Lall, S.”

“Therefore, competitiveness of a firm or industry is about its ability to do better than comparable firms in for example sales, reduction in costs, market shares, or profitability (Lall, 2001).”

“See Lall (2001) for an up-to-date discussion.”

“As noted by Lall (2001), Malaysia has unable to fulfill the technical gap (constant supply of skilled workers) needed by the industries although reform of educational system had been made in the 1990s (Tham, 1997).”

“Lastly, ‘linkage capabilities’ refers to skills that are required to establish technology linkages between firms, service suppliers, and 4 interact with the science and technology infrastructures (Lall, 1990, 1992, 2001).”

“Lall (2001) was to assert that economies that failed to develop their technological capabilities became losers in the globalization process.”

“Lall (2001) argues that the Asian growth experience went well beyond neutral, ‘market-friendly’ intervention and rested instead on the concept of selectivity involved in different levels of policy-making.”

“…of such capabilities depends upon intensive in-house firm-specific learning efforts that are not easy or automatic but rely on deliberately undertaken and costly strategies for capability upgrading (Lall, 2001), which ultimately may lead R&D efforts to more advanced and sophisticated capabilities.”

“Lall (2001) provide theoretical links between investment in technology and export performance in his analysis of the role of technology in international competitiveness.”