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Cited by 31Marine animal studies overviewAvian ecology and behaviorMarine and fisheries research

Diving behaviour of Humboldt penguins Spheniscus humboldti in northern Chile

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Luna-Jorquera, G., Culik, B.·1999·Marine Ornithology
DOI 10.5038/2074-1235.27.1.425
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Abstract

SUMMARY LUNA-JORQUERA, G. & CULIK, B.M. 1999. Diving behaviour of Humboldt Penguins Spheniscus humboldti in northern Chile. Marine Ornithology 27: 67–76. The Humboldt Penguin Spheniscus humboldti is an endangered species whose population is decreasing over its whole distributional range. In support of conservation efforts, systematic studies are being conducted on the ecology and behaviour of these birds at sea. Time-depth recorders were used to investigate the foraging behaviour of Humboldt Penguins at Isla Pan de Azucar (26°S, 72°W), northern Chile, during the breeding seasons of 1994/95 and 1995/96. A four-channel logger (MK6, Wildlife Telemetry) equipped with speed, depth, temperature and light-intensity sensors was used to obtain information from 20 foraging trips of 12 penguins, amounting to a total of 301 hours of swimming consisting of 11 011 dives. Birds departed from the colony between 06h00 and 09h00 and returned mainly between 15h00 and 23h00. Distance travelled was strongly correlated with total time spent at sea. Maximum dive depth was 53 m around mid-day when light intensity was maximal. At night maximum depth attained was 12 m. Maximum dive depth was positively correlated with dive duration ( r = 0.80), as well as with descent and ascent angle ( r = 0.78), and descent and ascent rate (r = 0.86). Dives to between 0.5 and 3 m were interpreted as travelling dives and had a mean depth of 1.6 m. All dives deeper than 3 m were regarded as foraging dives with a mean depth of 11.5 m. Mean dive durations during travelling and foraging were 18.4 s and 47.9 s, respectively. Mean swim speed during travelling was 1.7 m.s –1 . Overall speed during foraging dives (descent, bottom and ascent) was 1.9 m.s –1 .

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Crossref · 10.5038/2074-1235.27.1.425

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  • Wild penguins feed exclusively in water.

    “wild penguins feed exclusively in water, and hence land-based feeding removes this opportunity to exhibit and develop a wild behavior (Hui, 1988; Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 1999; Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 2000).”

    From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 1999

    The Introduction and “Dive duration and foraging efficiency” section describe free-living Humboldt Penguins feeding on prey in coastal waters and foraging through dives (page numbers unavailable). They support aquatic foraging in this species, but do not establish that all wild penguins feed exclusively in water. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Captive S. humboldti swim less than their wild counterparts in Chile (conservative estimate 32.6%) and therefore presumably get less exercise.

    “Our observation of 2.5-23.0% time spent swimming suggests that captive S. humboldti swim less than their wild counterparts in Chile (conservative estimate 32.6%; Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 1999) and therefore presumably get less exercise.”

    From Husbandry and enclosure influences on penguin behavior and conservation breeding (2016) · cites this paper as Luna-Jorquera and Culik, 1999

    The At-sea activity section reports 301 hours of swimming and diving across 20 foraging trips by wild Humboldt penguins in northern Chile. It does not report the cited 32.6% estimate or specify the daily-time calculation needed to verify it. The captive comparison and presumed difference in exercise are the citing authors’ own inference, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cites

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4 of the 48 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. ARAYA, B. & TODD, F.S. 1987. Status of the Humboldt Penguin in Chile following the 1982-83 El Niño. Proceed- ings of the Jean Delacour/IFCB Symposium, Los Angeles. pp. 148-157.
  2. DUFFY, D.C. 1987. Three thousand kilometres of Chilean penguins. The Explorers Journal 65: 106-109.
  3. ELLIS, S., CROXALL, J.P. & COOPER, J. 1998. Penguin Conservation Assessment and Management Plan. Apple Valley: IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group.
  4. FURNESS, R.W. 1984. Modelling relationships among fish- eries, seabirds, and marine mammals. In: Nettleship, D.N., Sanger, G.A. & Springer, P.F. (Eds). Marine birds: their feeding ecology and commercial fisheries relationships. Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services. pp: 117-126.
  5. MANTON, V.J.A. 1978. Hand-rearing Humboldt's Penguin Spheniscus humboldti at Whipsnade Park. Int. Zoo Year- book 18: 59-61.
  6. OEHME, H. & BANNASCH, R. 1989. Energetics of locomo- tion in penguins. In: Wieser, W. & Gnaiger, E. (Eds). Energy transformation in cell and organisms. Stuttgart: Thieme Verlag. pp. 230-240.
  7. SCHOLTEN, C.J. 1989b. Individual recognition of Humboldt Penguins. Spheniscid Penguin Newsletter 2(1): 4-8.
  8. SERNAP 1992, 1994, 1998. Anuario estadístico de pesca. Servicio Valparaiso: Nacional de Pesca, Ministerio de Economía, Fomento y Reconstrucción.
  9. WILSON, R.P. 1995. Foraging ecology. In: Williams, T.D. (Ed.). The penguins Spheniscidae. Oxford: Oxford Univer- sity Press. pp. 81-106.
  10. WILSON, R.P. & CULIK, B.M. 1992. Packages on penguins and device-induced data. In: Priede, I.G. & Swift, S.M. (Eds). Wildlife telemetry. Remote monitoring and tracking of animals. New York: Ellis Horwood. pp. 573-580.
  11. WILSON, R.P. & WILSON, M.-P.T. 1995. The foraging behaviour of the African Penguin Spheniscus demersus. In:

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Related

Authors
Luna-Jorquera, G., & Culik, B.
Affiliations
None
Venue
Marine Ornithology
Publisher
University of South Florida Libraries
Published
1999
Volume
27
Issue
1
Pages
67-76
ISSN
  • 1018-3337 (ISSN-L)
  • 2074-1235
DOI
10.5038/2074-1235.27.1.425
OpenAlex
W2184216099
Cited by
31
References
48
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2021: 1 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 1 · 2014: 1
FWCI
2.51
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Locations
  • Marine ornithology (publishedVersion)
  • Digital Commons - University of South Florida (University of South Florida) (submittedVersion)
  • Marine ornithology
Funders
  • Deutscher Akademischer Austauschdienst
  • Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
  • Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Marine animal studies overview
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Avian ecology and behavior
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Marine and fisheries research
Keywords
Humboldt penguin, diving behavior, foraging behavior, dive depth, dive duration, swimming speed, light intensity, time-depth recorders, endangered species conservation, northern Chile

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