Cited by 2,504Meteorological Phenomena and SimulationsComputational Fluid Dynamics and AerodynamicsOceanographic and Atmospheric Processes

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A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2

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Skamarock, William, Klemp, Joseph, Dudhia, Jimy, Gill, David, Barker, Dale, Wang, Wei·2005·NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research

DOI 10.5065/d6dz069t

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Abstract

The Technical Note series provides an outlet for a variety of NCAR manuscripts that contribute in specialized ways to the body of scientific knowledge but which are not suitable for journal, monograph, or book publication. Reports in this series are issued by the NCAR Scientific Di-visions; copies may be obtained on request from the Publications Office of NCAR. Designation symbols for the series include: EDD: Engineering, Design, or Development Reports Equipment descriptions, test results, instrumentation, and operating and maintenance manuals. IA: Instructional Aids Instruction manuals, bibliographies, film supplements, and other research or instructional aids. PPR: Program Progress Reports Field program reports, interim and working reports, survey reports, and plans for experiments. PROC: Proceedings Documentation of symposia, colloquia, conferences, workshops, and lectures. (Distribution may be limited to attendees.) STR: Scientific and Technical Reports Data compilations, theoretical and numerical investigations, and experimental results. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) is operated by the University Corpora-tion for Atmospheric Research (UCAR) and is sponsored by the National Science Foundation. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.

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“The NWP data was generated by the WRF model [34] at Argonne National Laboratory for one reference point located in the wind farm at 6 AM every day.”
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“1 with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamical solver (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
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“…Research Forecasting (WRF, version 3) model, developed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) [Michalakes et al., 2001, 2005; Skamarock et al., 2005; Skamarock and Klemp, 2008], with support from multiple partners (the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) and…”
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“WRF is a fully compressible, nonhydrostatic mesoscale model ( Skamarock et al. 2005 ).”
Background
Performance of convection‐permitting hurricane initialization and prediction during 2008–2010 with ensemble data assimilation of inner‐core airborne Doppler radar observations
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“mesoscale and regional scale weather predictions [Skamarock et al., 2005], and an ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) which uses ensemble forecasts to estimate flow‐dependent background error covariance or other probabilistic aspects of the background forecast [Evensen, 1994].”
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THE MIDLATITUDE CONTINENTAL CONVECTIVE CLOUDS EXPERIMENT (MC3E).
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“We used the Advanced Research of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 2.2 [Skamarock et al., 2005].”
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Self-citation
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“Using such techniques, ensemble-based data assimilation algorithms have proven useful in either global atmospheric data assimilation (Mitchell et al. 2002; Houtekamer and Mitchell 2005; Buehner 2005) or regional mesoscale atmospheric data assimilation (Snyder and Zhang 2003; Xue et al. 2006).”
MethodResult
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“2 Model Configuration The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [12] is generally considered to be the most advanced mesoscale model in North America and has superseded the previous industry standard, the MM5 model [13].”
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“The drag formulation follows Charnock (1955), the surface exchange coefficient for water vapor follows Carlson and Boland (1978), and the heat flux uses a similarity relationship (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
Background
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“a. Spectral bin microphysics scheme The SBM scheme implemented into the WRF (version 3; Skamarock et al. 2005) has been described by Khain et al. (2004) and Lynn and Khain (2007).”
MethodSelf-citation
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“…(hahmann@ucar.edu) We use the PSU/NCAR mesoscale model, version 5 (MM5, Grell et al., 1995), and the community Weather Research and Forecast model (ARW-WRF, Skamarock et al., 2005) to dynamically downscale the climate of the eastern Mediterranean and the adjacent countries of the Middle East.”
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“3.1. Meteorological Input and Footprint Estimation [7] We drove STILT with meteorological fields from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [ Skamarock et al., 2005 ].”
MethodInfluential
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“2 (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
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“…models such as AROME (Applications of Research to Operations at Mesoscale model, Seity et al., 2011), WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting model, Skamarock et al., 2005) and MESO-NH (Non-Hydrostatic Mesoscale atmospheric model, Lafore et al., 1998), or using a combination of rain gauges and…”
Method
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Background
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“The model description and updates can be found from Skamarock et al. (2005) and the WRF user web page (http://www2. mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
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“Here, the full SBM scheme has been coupled to WRF [ Skamarock et al., 2005 ] using the same approach for embedding the microphysics within the model dynamic time step as in Lynn et al. [2005a, 2005b].”
Method
Northern African climate at the end of the twenty-first century: an integrated application of regional and global climate models
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“The regional model used for all simulations is the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005 ) version 2.2.”
MethodInfluential
Prototyping an experimental early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in Indonesia using satellite remote sensing and geospatial datasets
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“On the other hand, the WRF model version 3.0.1 used in this study includes the Advanced Research WRF dynamical core (WRF- ARW; Michalakes et al. 2001; Skamarock et al. 2005), which is a non-hydrostatic, fully compressible, primitive equation model.”
MethodInfluential
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A Review of Progress and Applications of Pulsed Doppler Wind LiDARs
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“A set of numerical model simulations was produced using the Weather Research and Fore-casting (WRF) Model (Skamarock et al. 2007); WRF has proven capable in the analysis and prediction of tropical cyclones (e.g., Davis et al. 2008; Munsell and Zhang 2014; Bassill 2014, 2015).”
Method
Tests of an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Mesoscale and Regional-Scale Data Assimilation. Part IV: Comparison with 3DVAR in a Month-Long Experiment
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Mesoscale Processes Contributing to Extreme Rainfall in a Midlatitude Warm-Season Flash Flood*
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Development and Testing of Polar WRF. Part III: Arctic Land*
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“The land surface model (LSM) is the four-layer unified Noah 3.0 scheme (Ek et al. 2003; Skamarock et al. 2005; Chen et al. 2007; Slater et al. 2007), with the polar updates from Hines and Bromwich (2008).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Urbanization, climate change and flood policy in the United States
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Assimilating Airborne Doppler Radar Observations with an Ensemble Kalman Filter for Convection-Permitting Hurricane Initialization and Prediction: Katrina (2005)
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“The advantage of the EnKF over variational data assimilation methods is its ability to estimate model forecast uncertainties and its ability to assimilate observations from convective to regional scales (e.g., Snyder and Zhang 2003; Dowell et al. 2004; Zhang and Snyder 2007).”
Background
Satellite cloud and precipitation assimilation at operational NWP centres
Bauer, P., Auligne, T., Bell, W., Geer, A., Guidard, V., Heilliette, S., Kazumori, M., Kim, M.-J., Liu, E., McNally, A. P., et al. (2011) · doi:10.1002/qj.905 · Cited by 144
“Assimilation of 3D radar reflectivity and lightning data (Weygandt et al., 2008) is performed by specification of estimated 3D latent heating within a digital filter initialization (DFI) already applied for 1 h cycling within both the RUC model and more recently, the ARW-WRF model.”
MethodInfluential
Water Vapor Fluxes and Orographic Precipitation over Northern California Associated with a Landfalling Atmospheric River
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“We employ the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 2.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005) to obtain high-resolution information on water vapor and its transport both over the ocean and land.”
MethodInfluential
Fog Prediction from a Multimodel Mesoscale Ensemble Prediction System
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“…Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM; Janjić et al. 2001) component of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction’s (NCEP) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and the National Center for Atmospheric Research’s (NCAR) Advanced Research version of the WRF (ARW; Skamarock et al. 2005).”
Method
Probabilistic Forecast Guidance for Severe Thunderstorms Based on the Identification of Extreme Phenomena in Convection-Allowing Model Forecasts
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“For the period examined in this study, the modeling system used version 2.2 of the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core (Skamarock et al. 2005) to produce daily 36-h forecasts, initialized at 0000 UTC, over the eastern three-fourths of the conterminous United States (CONUS; see Fig.”
MethodInfluential
Effects of soot‐induced snow albedo change on snowpack and hydrological cycle in western United States based on Weather Research and Forecasting chemistry and regional climate simulations
Qian, Y., Gustafson, W., Leung, L. R., & Ghan, S. (2009) · doi:10.1029/2008jd011039 · Cited by 141
“[30] The regional climate model used in this study is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al., 2005], with modifications described by Leung et al. [2005], which includes the use of a wider D03108 QIAN ET AL.”
Method
Numerical analysis of a Mediterranean ‘hurricane’ over south-eastern Italy: Sensitivity experiments to sea surface temperature
Miglietta, M., Moscatello, A., Conte, D., Mannarini, G., Lacorata, G., & Rotunno, R. (2011) · doi:10.1016/j.atmosres.2011.04.006 · Cited by 140
“The model used in this study is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, version 2.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005; Michalakes et al. 2004; see also www.wrf-model.org).”
MethodInfluential
Indian Summer Monsoon Precipitation Climatology in a High-Resolution Regional Climate Model: Impacts of Convective Parameterization on Systematic Biases
Mukhopadhyay, P., Taraphdar, S., Goswami, B., & Krishnakumar, K. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2009waf2222320.1 · Cited by 140
“a. Model The nonhydrostatic, fully compressible, terrain-following sigma coordinate mesoscale model Weather Research Forecast (WRF), version 2.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005), developed by NCAR, was used in the present study.”
MethodInfluential
Mid-Twenty-First-Century Changes in Extreme Events over Northern and Tropical Africa
Vizy, E. K., & Cook, K. H. (2012) · Journal of Climate · doi:10.1175/jcli-d-11-00693.1 · Cited by 130
“The National Center for Atmospheric Research– National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NCAR–NOAA) Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) (Skamarock et al. 2005) regional model V3.”
Background
Impact of the Urban Heat Island Effect on Precipitation over a Complex Geographic Environment in Northern Taiwan
Lin, C.-Y., Chen, W.-C., Chang, P., & Sheng, Y.-F. (2011) · doi:10.1175/2010jamc2504.1 · Cited by 139
Photoreduction of gaseous oxidized mercury changes global atmospheric mercury speciation, transport and deposition
Saiz-Lopez, A., Sitkiewicz, S. P., Roca-Sanjuán, D., Oliva-Enrich, J. M., Davalos, J., Notario, R., Jiskra, M., Xu, Y., Wang, F.-Y., Thackray, C., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-07075-3 · Cited by 138
Forecast for surface solar irradiance at the Brazilian Northeastern region using NWP model and artificial neural networks
de Lima, F. J. L., Martins, F. R., Pereira, Ê. B., Lorenz, E., & Heinemann, D. (2015) · Renewable Energy · doi:10.1016/j.renene.2015.11.005 · Cited by 164
Aerosol impacts on California winter clouds and precipitation during CalWater 2011: local pollution versus long-range transported dust
Fan, J.-W., Leung, L., DeMott, P., Comstock, J., Singh, B., Rosenfeld, D., Tomlinson, J., White, A., Prather, K., Minnis, P., et al. (2013) · doi:10.5194/acp-14-81-2014 · Cited by 138
“model (SBM) (Khain et al., 2004; Khain and Lynn, 2009; Fan et al., 2012a) coupled with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005).”
Method
Green Roof Mitigation Potential for a Proxy Future Climate Scenario in Chicago, Illinois
Smith, K., & Roebber, P. (2011) · doi:10.1175/2010jamc2337.1 · Cited by 138
Temporal variations of elemental carbon in Beijing
Han, S., Kondo, Y., Oshima, N., Takegawa, N., Miyazaki, Y., Hu, M., Lin, P., Deng, Z., Zhao, Y., Sugimoto, N., et al. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2009jd012027 · Cited by 140
Very extreme seasonal precipitation in the NARCCAP ensemble: model performance and projections
Wehner, M. F. (2013) · Climate Dynamics · doi:10.1007/s00382-012-1393-1 · Cited by 137
“Two versions of the Weather Research Forecasting model were contributed to the NARCCAP project (Skamarock et al. 2005) One of these, referred to as WRFG, was forced by output from the Community Climate System Model version 3.0 (ccsm) and the Coupled Global Climate Model Version 3 (cgcm3) in…”
MethodInfluential
Simulating coupled surface–subsurface flows with ParFlow v3.5.0: capabilities, applications, and ongoing development of an open-source, massively parallel, integrated hydrologic model
Kuffour, B. N. O., Engdahl, N. B., Woodward, C. S., Condon, L. E., Kollet, S. J., & Maxwell, R. M. (2020) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-13-1373-2020 · Cited by 160
“WRF is a widely used model that provides a common framework for idealized dynamical studies, full-physics numerical weather prediction, air-quality simulations, and regional climate simulations (Michalakes et al., 1999, 2001; Skamarock et al., 2005).”
Method
One-year, regional-scale simulation of 137 Cs radioactivity in the ocean following the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident
Tsumune, D., Tsubono, T., Aoyama, M., Uematsu, M., Misumi, K., Maeda, Y., Yoshida, Y., & Hayami, H. (2013) · doi:10.5194/bg-10-5601-2013 · Cited by 137
“2.1 (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Surface Wind Regionalization over Complex Terrain: Evaluation and Analysis of a High-Resolution WRF Simulation
Jiménez, P., González-Rouco, J. F., García-Bustamante, E., Navarro, J., Montávez, J., de Arellano, J. V., Dudhia, J., & Muñoz-Roldan, A. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2009jamc2175.1 · Cited by 137
“The mesoscale model used is the WRF modeling system (version 2.1.2; Skamarock et al. 2005).”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citation
Wet removal of black carbon in Asian outflow: Aerosol Radiative Forcing in East Asia (A‐FORCE) aircraft campaign
Oshima, N., Kondo, Y., Moteki, N., Takegawa, N., Koike, M., Kita, K., Matsui, H., Kajino, M., Nakamura, H., Jung, J., et al. (2011) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2011jd016552 · Cited by 152
“[14] We used the 3-D Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al., 2005] to estimate precipitation and PBL height.”
Method
Time Evolution of the Surface Urban Heat Island
Stewart, I. D., Krayenhoff, E. S., Voogt, J., Lachapelle, J., Allen, M., & Broadbent, A. (2021) · Earth's Future · doi:10.1029/2021ef002178 · Cited by 135
How building energy models take the local climate into account in an urban context – A review
Lauzet, N., Rodler, A., Musy, M., Azam, M.-H., Guernouti, S., Mauree, D., & Colinart, T. (2019) · doi:10.1016/j.rser.2019.109390 · Cited by 135
WRF Model Sensitivity to Choice of Parameterization over South America: Validation against Surface Variables
Ruiz, J., Saulo, C., & Nogués-Paegle, J. (2010) · doi:10.1175/2010mwr3358.1 · Cited by 135
“a. Model experiments All runs are conducted with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW-WRF) version 2.0 (Skamarock et al. 2005).”
MethodInfluential
Impacts of vegetation and groundwater dynamics on warm season precipitation over the Central United States
Jiang, X.-Y., Niu, G., & Yang, Z.-L. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jd010756 · Cited by 135
“[7] A nonhydrostatic, fully compressible model, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, is used as an investigative tool in this study [Skamarock et al., 2005].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Seasonal dependence of the urban heat island on the street canyon aspect ratio
Theeuwes, N., Steeneveld, G., Ronda, R., Heusinkveld, B., Hove, L. V., & Holtslag, A. (2014) · Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society · doi:10.1002/qj.2289 · Cited by 134
Assessment of natural and anthropogenic aerosol air pollution in the Middle East using MERRA-2, CAMS data assimilation products, and high-resolution WRF-Chem model simulations
Ukhov, A., Mostamandi, S., da Silva, A. M., Flemming, J., Alshehri, Y., Shevchenko, I., & Stenchikov, G. (2020) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-2020-17 · Cited by 133
“To calculate fine-resolution PM and sulfate fields, we use the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) coupled with chemistry (WRFChem v3.”
Method
Microlayer source of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in the summertime marine Arctic boundary layer
Mungall, E., Abbatt, J., Wentzell, J., Lee, A. K. Y., Thomas, J. L., Blais, M., Gosselin, M., Miller, L., Papakyriakou, T., Willis, M., et al. (2017) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · doi:10.1073/pnas.1620571114 · Cited by 133
“Geosci Model Dev 6:1889–1904.”
Method
Growth of nucleation mode particles in the summertime Arctic: a case study
Willis, M. D., Burkart, J., Thomas, J. L., Köllner, F., Schneider, J., Bozem, H., Hoor, P. M., Aliabadi, A. A., Schulz, H., Herber, A., et al. (2016) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-16-7663-2016 · Cited by 148
“limited area meteorological forecast from WRF (Skamarock et al., 2001), with the specific WRF”
Explicit Numerical Diffusion in the WRF Model
Knievel, J., Bryan, G., & Hacker, J. (2007) · doi:10.1175/2007mwr2100.1 · Cited by 133
“An appropriate way to avoid the sensitivity described by Xu et al. (2001) is to choose a grid interval that adequately resolves the”
Background
Impacts of warming on phytoplankton abundance and phenology in a typical tropical marine ecosystem
Gittings, J. A., Raitsos, D. Ε., Krokos, G., & Hoteit, I. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-20560-5 · Cited by 157
Urban meteorological modeling using WRF: a sensitivity study
Sharma, A., Fernando, H., Hamlet, A., Hellmann, J., Barlage, M., & Chen, F. (2017) · International Journal of Climatology · doi:10.1002/joc.4819 · Cited by 132
“6 (Skamarock et al., 2005), which is a non-hydrostatic, compressible model.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Mesoscale covariance of transport and CO2 fluxes: Evidence from observations and simulations using the WRF‐VPRM coupled atmosphere‐biosphere model
Ahmadov, R., Gerbig, C., Kretschmer, R., Koerner, S., Neininger, B., Dolman, A., & Sarrat, C. (2007) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2007jd008552 · Cited by 132
“2 version) [Skamarock et al., 2005] to simulate transport of CO2 tracer in on-line mode.”
MethodInfluential
Atmospheric Inverse Estimates of Methane Emissions from Central California
Zhao, C., Andrews, A., Bianco, L., Eluszkiewicz, J., Hirsch, A., Macdonald, C., Nehrkorn, T., & Fischer, M. (2009) · Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2008jd011671 · Cited by 131
“180 We calculate the footprints relating surface fluxes to measured CH4 mixing ratios using the meteorological output from a customized version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model [Skamarock et al., 2005] to drive STILT.”
Method
Regional modeling of dust mass balance and radiative forcing over East Asia using WRF-Chem
Chen, S.-Y., Zhao, C., Qian, Y., Leung, L. R., Huang, J.-P., Huang, Z., Bi, J.-R., Zhang, W., Shi, J.-S., Yang, L., et al. (2014) · doi:10.1016/j.aeolia.2014.02.001 · Cited by 130
A numerical study of interactions between surface forcing and sea breeze circulations and their effects on stagnation in the greater Houston area
Chen, F., Miao, S., Tewari, M., Bao, J., & Kusaka, H. (2011) · doi:10.1029/2010jd015533 · Cited by 130
A New Method for Representing Mixed-phase Particle Fall Speeds in Bulk Microphysics Parameterizations
Dudhia, J., Hong, S.-Y., & Lim, K. (2008) · doi:10.2151/jmsj.86a.33 · Cited by 130
Self-citation

Authors: Skamarock, W., Klemp, J., Dudhia, J., Gill, D., Barker, D., & Wang, W.
ORCID: Skamarock, William
Klemp, Joseph
Dudhia, Jimy
Barker, Dale
Wang, Wei
Venue: NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research
Publisher: NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research
Published: 2005
DOI: 10.5065/d6dz069t
OpenAlex: W2152984210
Cited by: 2,504
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 9 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 61 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 105 · 2021: 154 · 2020: 129 · 2019: 160 · 2018: 155 · 2017: 118 · 2016: 143 · 2015: 127 · 2014: 123 · 2013: 159 · 2012: 154
Type: report
Language: en
Open access: green
doi.org
Locations: Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) (submittedVersion)
UCAR/NCAR
Topics: Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Meteorological Phenomena and Simulations
Physical Sciences › Engineering › Computational Mechanics › Computational Fluid Dynamics and Aerodynamics
Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Oceanographic and Atmospheric Processes
Keywords: numerical weather prediction, regional climate modeling, WRF model, model description

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A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2

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