A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2

“WRF [16] uses a finite difference discretization, and the solution is obtained with a fifth-order upwind scheme in x and a third-order upwind scheme in y [17].”

“High-resolution meteorological simulations were performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [ Skamarock et al ., 2005] to drive FLEXPART [ Brioude et al ., 2013b].”

“To evaluate the effects of Katia’s cooling on Maria’s intensity, numerical simulations were performed using the nonhydrostatic compressible WRF-ARW (Advanced Weather Research and Forecasting) model version 3.3.1 developed by National Center for Atmospheric Research [Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“The reduction of the ue difference prior to genesis is consistent with the observational diagnosis by Wang (2012b) and Smith and Montgomery (2011).”

“This simulation was performed using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 2.2.1 (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“The WRF model is a compressible nonhydrostatic finite difference model that has a variety of physics options, including explicit moisture processes (see Skamarock et al. 2002, for details).”

“A nonhydrostatic version (version 2.2) of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) is used to simulate the present case.”

“…the NASA Earth Observing System Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) on the overlying MABL thermodynamic and kinematic structures as simulated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) modeling system run at 2-km resolution over the Florida peninsula.”

“Simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) are also underway to supplement hypotheses based on these observations, which alone cannot fully explain the CI event on this day.”

“, 2007) and Weather Research and Forecasting model (Skamarock et al., 2007).”

“The NWP system, called CWB-Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, comprises an Advanced Research WRF dynamical core model [35], with a terrain-following, nonhydrostatic, fully compressible, primitive equation, and a 3-D variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system [36].”

“For this reason, numerical methods to construct weather models, such as the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) mesoscale model (Skamarock et al., 2005), have also been applied, as they provide significant atmospheric information in the surroundings of the location under study, thus improving…”

“Briefly, meteorological modeling has been performed for Bogotá using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [44].”

“4, was used as the meteorological model.(20) This 137 mesoscale model is a state-of-the-art atmospheric simulation system based on the 138 fifth-generation Penn State/ The National Center for Atmospheric Research 139 Mesoscale Model.”

“LIS can be fully coupled to the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005) in the NASA Unified WRF (NU-WRF; Peters-Lidard et al.”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al. 2005; Chen et al. 2011] is one of the state-ofthe-art NWP systems designed to serve both atmospheric research and local operational forecasting needs.”

“…RCMs were considered: 1 the Met Office Hadley Centre’s regional climate model, version 3 (HRM3; Jones et al. 2003); the Regional Climate Model, version 3 (RCM3; Giorgi et al. 1993a,b; Pal et al. 2000, 2007); and the Weather Research and Fore-casting (hereinafter WRFG) Model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“The atmospheric transport model used in this study is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model [Skamarock et al., 2005], including the chemistry module slightly modified here for passive tracers as in Lauvaux et al. [2012b].”

“This question is addressed here by combining LSM calibration and spinup approaches to produce best estimates of land surface fluxes for coupling with the Advanced ResearchWeather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW; Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“…Numerical models The NWP models used at UBC for daily limited-area, short-range (60 h) runs are d the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) d the fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University– National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5; Grell et…”

“The operational Eta (Janji c 1994)/WRF-NMM (Skamarock et al. 2005) numerical data were used for our case studies.”

“In this study, the weather research and forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005) was used to conduct dynamic downscaling of reanalysis datasets and GCM outputs with different LSM parameterizations to produce high- resolution climate data for the CA.”

“…interactions of clouds and incoming solar radiation have been implemented by linking simulated cloud droplet number with the Goddard shortwave radiation scheme, representing the first indirect effect, and with Lin microphysics, which represents the second indirect effect (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“…results (e.g., Done et al. 2004; Kain et al. 2005) testing convection-allowing 1 configura-tions of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2008) and a desire to quantify forecast uncertainty at convective scales, the Center for Analysis and Prediction of Storms (CAPS)…”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (Michalakes et al., 2005; Skamarock et al., 2005;www. wrf-model.org) is a numerical weather prediction system designed to serve both operational forecasting and atmo- spheric research needs.”

“In the numerical simulation, scientists from various countries have built a variety of atmospheric numerical models (Skamarock et al., 2005), land surface process models (Meng and Dai, 2013), hydrological models (Arnold et al., 1998), etc., and developed Earth System Simulator based on…”

“The mesoscale processes associated with the development and maintenance of the heavy rainfall event under the influence of orography are investigated by the WRF model (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“The SBSS ensemble surge system consists of eight separate ADCIRC members run every 0000 UTC to hour 48 with the surface wind and pressure from either the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) or the MM5 (Grell et al. 1995).”

“In this study, WRF model (Skamarock et al. 2007), a community mesoscale meteorology model, was applied to dynamically downscale PCM data under the BAU future forcing scenario (Dai et al. 2001) to investigate the meteorological conditions and their changes in CA, especially SJV and SoCAB.”

“…for long-wave radiation based onMlawer et al. (1997), the Dudhia (1989) scheme for short-wave radiation, the Yonsei University (YSU) scheme for the boundary layer (Hong and Pan, 1996), a five-layer thermal diffusion soil scheme (Skamarock et al., 2005), and the Thompson et al. (2004) microphysics.”

“Horizontal mixing is determined using a Smagorinsky first-order closure discussed in 4.1.3 of Skamarock et al. (2005).”

“[40], leaving only perturbations from hydrostatic balance for the vertical pressure gradient and for density in the gravity source term.”

“…in the Atlantic basin, we performed data assimilation and numerical simulation experiments for the Hurricane Florence with an Advanced Research WRF (ARW-WRF, version 3.0; Dudhia 2004; Skamarock et al. 2005) and its three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) system (Barker et al. 2004).”

“Since 2005, AMPS has also been running the Advanced Research WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) model [ Skamarock et al., 2005 ].”

“We implement the EnKF with the WRF, a nonhydrostatic primitive equation, mesoscale model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“The forecast data are from the 4-km Nanjing University real-time forecast system (Zhu et al., 2018), which uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) (hereafter referred to as NJU WRF).”

“HadGEM3-RA Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 3 regional climate model The Met Office Hadley Centre ≈50 km [49] WRF Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model National Center for Atmospheric Research 50 km [50] MM5 Fifth-Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model National Center for Atmospheric Res…”

“WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting) is a latest mesoscale weather forecast model with several options for atmospheric processes (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“Cumulus schemes are necessary to parameterize convection for grid resolutions between 5 and 10 km or coarser resolutions (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“In the present study, APT values were calculated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al., 2005], as described in detail in section A1.”

“…linked to the mesoscale meteorological model Weather & Research Forecasting system (WRF) developed by NCAR and others (Michalakes et al., 2001; Skamarock et al., 2005), which is used here to calculate the meteorological input fields so CMAQ model is driven by WRF meteorological model with 1 h…”

“The simulated temperatures were obtained from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 2 [Skamarock et al., 2005], which numerically solves a set of differential equations that govern the evolution of the state of the atmosphere in space and time in terms of air temperature, pressure, specific humidity…”

“To address these issues, this study examines the WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting; Skamarock et al. 2006) climate model and HadRM (Hadley Centre Regional Model) simulations over the western United States driven by three global climate models: MPI-M (Max Planck Institute for Meteorology) ECHAM5, NCAR Community Cli…”

“consisted of 20 members, with 10 members from the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARW-WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005), 8 members from the WRF Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM; Janjić 2003), and 2 members from the CAPS Advanced Regional Prediction System (ARPS; Xue et al.”

“The PBL schemes determine the flux profiles within the well-mixed boundary layer and the stable layer, and thus provide atmospheric trends of temperature, moisture (including clouds), and horizontal momentum in the entire atmospheric column (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“As shown in [17] and [22]–[24], the combination of the large platform velocity and large footprint size generates large biases in the Doppler velocity when the field of scatterers is not homogeneous along the direction of flight.”

“For example, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) has been used to simulate snow cover accumulation and ablation over large study domains in the western United States when coupled to a land surface model (Ikeda et al.”

“The Advanced Research WRF model version 3.7 (Skamarock et al. 2008) released in April 2015 is applied in this study.”

“The WRF model (Skamarock et al., 2005) is used with its various physics parameterizations.”

“Particle size distribution for particle diameters greater than 0.25 µm was measured using a Sky optical particle counter (OPC GRIMM Model 1.129).”

“Simulation was done using of WRF version 3.3 with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamic core (Skamarock et al. 2008).”

“The physics package includes microphysics, cumulus parameterization, planetary boundary layer (PBL), land surfacemodels (LSMs), and longwave and shortwave radiation (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“They applied two methods, LBPs provided by a larger domain and a simpler alternative method employing presumed spatial and temporal covariance relationships to an EPS using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) and suggested that ensemble LBCs can be specified without a global ensem…”

“The four land surface physics schemes are NMM [28], Thermal Diffusion [27], Noah [29] and RUC [30, 31], which thereafter referred as N, T, NO and R respectively.”

“Assimilation experiments have been performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model’s three-dimensional variational data assimilation (3DVAR) scheme to assess the impacts of NASA’s Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) near-surface winds, and Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) wind speed and total precipi…”

“The WRF model system offers multiple options for various physical packages (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“The WRF-ARW model is a non-hydrostatic, fully compressible primitive equation model suitable for simulations of atmospheric processes over the scales ranging from the planetary motions to turbulence.”

“The horizontal grid is the Arakawa-C grid (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“…include Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS) hydrodynamic model (Shchepetkin & McWilliams, 2005), Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005), Simulating Waves Nearshore (SWAN) wave model (Booij et al., 1999), and Community Sediment Transport Modeling Systems (CSTMS)…”

“6.1 (Skamarock et al., 2005) with three domains (27, 9, and 3 km) and two-way nesting (Figure 1b).”

“6) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) was used as a meteorological driver for CHIMERE.”