A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2

“The balanced component is modeled via a regression analysis of the field using specific predictor fields [e.g., streamfunction; see Skamarock et al. (2005) and Wu et al. (2002) for further details].”

“a. Model Version 2.1.21 of the WRF-ARW model (Skamarock et al. 2005) was used to conduct two separate sets of model experiments designed to test the sensitivity to model physics and grid spacing (Table 1), with each set utilizing either the Yonsei University (YSU) or the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (MYJ)…”

“The current study uses six different microphysical parameterizations available in the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF) [Skamarock et al., 2005] version 3.6.1.”

“A detailed description of the model equations, physics and dynamics is available in Dudhia (2004) and Skamarock et al. (2005).”

“In this study, the 29 July–3 August 2000 high-ozone episode is investigated using observations collected during the CCOS field experiment and the advanced research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“The cloud-radiation interactions are simulated by linking simulated CDNC with the Goddard shortwave radiation scheme and the Lin et al. microphysics scheme [Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“The COAWST system consists of several stateof-the-science modeling components, including ROMS (Regional Ocean Modeling System, Shchepetkin and McWilliams, 2005, 2009; Haidvogel et al., 2008) for the coastal ocean circulation, WRF (Weather Research and Forecasting Model, Skamarock et al., 2005) for regional atmospheric…”

“These classes were selected because of ongoing regional climate simulation efforts using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model [31] to quantify changes in regional climatic parameters associated with land-surface changes.”

“The meteorological simulations were performed with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005), and use the North American Regional Reanalysis (Mesinger et al., 2006) for the initial and boundary conditions.”

“The principal tool used in this study is numerical simulations using the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW; Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“Horizontal diffusion is handled by the two-dimensional Smagorinsky firstorder closure scheme (Smagorinsky et al. 1965).”

“The model used in this study is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, version 2.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005; Michalakes et al. 2004; see also http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php).”

“Moisture convergence time series are derived from downscaled WRF simulation (see text for details). watershed.”

“, 1995] and the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) [Skamarock et al., 2007] modeling systems, combined with a mixture of land surface, boundary layer and microphysics packages, multiple perturbation schemes, and different initializations.”

“…the WRF single-moment, five-species microphysics scheme (WSM5) (Hong et al. 2004), the Mellor–Yamada–Janjic (aka Eta) planetary boundary layer (PBL) scheme (Mellor and Yamada 1982; Janjic 2002), and the Kain–Fritsch cumulus pa- rameterization (Kain and Fritsch 1993; see also Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“Similar numerical modeling studies of fireatmosphere interactions have been carried out using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005) alone or the wildland fire behavior module WRFFire (Coen et al.”

“The details of the model physics, dynamics, and description of the model equations can be found in Skamarock et al. (2005).”

“For a detailed description, see Skamarock et al. (2005).”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005, 2008) is a regional mesoscale atmospheric model that was developed to be a next-generation mesoscale model that could be used for both research and operational weather forecasting.”

“1 mesoscale numerical weather prediction system (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“The GEOS5-FP data used in this study/project have been provided by the Global Modeling and Assimilation Office (GMAO) at NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.”

“WRF is a three-dimensional, non-hydrostatic, fully compressible numerical model [29].”

“…simplest explanation for the positive correlation of mass flux with shear arises from quasigeostrophic theory, wherein the right-hand side of the omega equation is dominated by the so-called Sutcliffe term, advection of vorticity by the thermal wind, that is, by the vertical shear (Sutcliffe 1947).”

“The atmospheric transport of the tracers is driven by meteorological fields generated by the Weather Research and Forecast modeling system (WRF) (38) fed by the operational analysis data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (39).”

“WRF model configuration In this study we useWRF version 3.5.1 with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamical solver (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“However, to our knowledge all NWP models used in the study of hurricanes distinguish a horizontal and vertical eddy diffusivity (e.g., Skamarock et al. 2005, ch. 4) to ensure that horizontal diffusion is operative to prevent the formation of frontal discontinuities.”

“The available microphysics options within WRF include the Kessler scheme, the Lin et al. scheme, WRF SingleMoment schemes, Eta scheme, and the Thompson et al. cheme (Skamarock et al., 2006).”

“Standard parameterizations were used, including the WRF single-moment 3 class for microphysics and the Yonsei University scheme for the planetary boundary layer [Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“WRFG_cgcm3 is the Weather Research and Forecasting Grell model (WRFG; Skamarock et al., 2005) driven by the Third Generation Coupled Global Climate Model (CGCM3; Flato, 2005), projecting large temperature increase but moderate streamflow increase.”

“WRF-ARW [271] USA NCAR NH LAM CEE FD SpEx AROME Europe Consortium NH LAM ALADIN ST SI”

“The RCM used is the National Center for Atmospheric Research/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NCAR/NOAA) Weather Research and Forecasting (Skamarock et al. 2005) regional model.”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 3.0 (Skamarock et al. 2005) was used in this study, and the model was described briefly in Part I.”

“The WRF-Chem (Skamarock et al., 2005) was used for transport by the PSU inversion system at a resolution of 10 km by 10km.”

“One of the reasons for the popularity of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005) is that it is easy to modify and run, and this productivity–portability benefit out-weighs the use of alternative models even when they perceived to deliver better-quality weather…”

“…evolution of this precipitation event, we ran a 72-h simulation using version 2.2 of the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW-WRF, or simply WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005), initialized at 1200 UTC 25 May 2008, about 24 h before the onset of precipitation in central Chile.”

“In this study, the Advanced Research vers WRF, ARW V2.2, was used for all model analyses [see Skamarock et al., 2007 ].”

“In this paper we make use of the control run simulation results of Trenberth et al. [2007] for Katrina in August 2005 made with the high-resolution (4 km) Advanced Research Weather and Research Forecasting (WRF) model that avoids the use of parameterized convection.”

“During the Olympics, the MM5 was replaced by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) model with a 3-hourly Rapid Update Cycle and a 1-h forecast interval (BJRUC).”

“1 of the Advanced Research version (ARW) of Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), a nonhydrostatic primitive equation mesoscale model (Skamarock et al. 2005), on a numerical grid with 45km horizontal grid spacing and 33 vertical levels.”

“…the Mars Weather Research and Forecasting (MarsWRF) GCM. MarsWRF is a global model derived from the terrestrial mesoscale WRF model [Michalakes et al., 2004; Skamarock et al., 2005; Skamarock and Klemp, 2008] and is a Mars-specific implementation of the PlanetWRF GCM [Richardson et al., 2007].”

“Note that the WRF model does not predict O3 (Skamarock et al. 2008), thus no O3 profiles were used in CRTM in the above calculations.”

“a. Regional climate model with spectral nudging TheRCM that used is theAdvancedResearch version of the Weather Research and Forecasting model (ARWWRF, hereafter WRF), version 3.1 (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“…Model (CRCM; Laprise et al., 1998), the NCEP Experimental Climate Prediction Center Regional Spectral Model (ECPC RSM; Juang et al., 1997), the MM5- PSU/NCAR mesoscale model (MM5; Grell et al. 1993), and the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005; Leung et al., 2005).”

“The mesoscale meteorology was simulated with the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) model version 3.0.1 (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“PBL parametrization schemes are employed in atmospheric models to handle the vertical diffusion in the whole column of the boundary layer (Skamarock et al. 2008), while surface-layer and land-surface schemes provide the surfacefluxes needed for PBL schemes to determine theflux profiles within the well-mixed boundary l…”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (Michalakes et al., 2004; Skamarock et al., 2005) provides the meteorology parameters as inputs to CMAQ.”

“It regularly publishes results from a regional mesoscale1 NWP model, namely Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) (Skamarock et al., 2005), freely at its THREDDS server2.”

“In this work, we generated high-resolution shear climatologies utilizing a state-of-the-art NWP model, known as the WRF model [16].”

“This version of WRF avoids the use of a cumulus parameterization by using the 4-km grid and treating deep convection and precipitation formation explicitly using a simple cloud scheme in which cloud water, rain and snow were predicted variables.”

“Whitaker and Hamill (2002), Mitchell et al. (2002), and Snyder and Zhang (2003) implemented it with more complex primitive equation models.”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model developed by NCEP and NCAR is the most commonly used mesoscale numerical model that has been widely employed in simulations of urban meteorological environments (Grimmond et al., 2010; Millstein & Menon, 2011; Skamarock et al., 2005; Susca et al., 2011).”

“To compare the performance of our proposed learned multiresolution dynamical downscaling approach with that of the state-of-the-art SR technique, we develop an SR model based on the original 12 km WRF modeled precipitation and an upscaled 12 km-to-50 km dataset.”

“The atmospheric transport of tracers is driven by meteorological fields generated by the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) modeling system (Skamarock et al., 2007) fed by the operational analysis data from ECMWF.”

“1, which is a nonhydrostatic, compressible, and scalar-conserving state-of-the-art atmospheric model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“Weather forecasts using the weather research and forecast model (Skamarock et al. 2005) were generated.”

“The Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) version 2.1.2 [Skamarock et al., 2005] is used to simulate environments of RCE on the doubly periodic f-plane, with 4 km horizontal grid spacing and 40 vertical levels equally spaced in pressure coordinates.”

“WRF is designed to be a next-generation mesoscale forecast model and data assimilation system for the purpose of advancing the understanding and prediction of mesoscale weather, and accelerating the transfer of research advances into operations (Skamarock et al., 2005).”