A Description of the Advanced Research WRF Version 2

“A commonly used numerical modeling tool is Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF: Skamarock et al., 2005), coupled to the Single-Layer Urban Canopy Model (SLUCM: Kusaka et al., 2001), which has been used to investigate the response of urban meteorology to land-use changes, including urbanization,…”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model (http://www.wrf-model.org/index.php; Skamarock et al. 2005) was used in the high-resolution regional climate simulation.”

“The upgrade from version 3.0.1 to 3.1.1 in 2010 included an upgrade from the WRF version 2 Thompson microphysics scheme (Skamarock et al. 2005) to the WRF version 3 Thompson microphysics scheme (Skamarock et al. 2008).”

“1 (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“[ 40 ] The atmospheric transport is simulated using the meteorological WRF model [ Skamarock et al. , 2005] with a horizontal resolution of 10 km.”

“Our budget analysis is similar to those of Small et al. (2003) and Koseki and Watanabe (2010).”

“…cumulus parameterization (Betts and Miller 1986), Ferrier microphysics scheme, Yonsei University (YSU) planetary boundary layer parameterization (Skamarock et al. 2005; Hong and Pan 1996), and the Rapid Radiative Transfer Model (RRTM; Mlawer et al. 1997) longwave and Dudhia shortwave…”

“The atmospheric component is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) version 3.3.1, which solves compressible, nonhydrostatic Euler equations with the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamical solver (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“It represents a two-dimensional stencil-based communication found in many applications such as WRF [28].”

“For the experiments, we use three benchmarks (LU, BT and SP) from NPB suite and two real-life applications: Molecular Dynamics Simulation (MDS) [27] and the Advance Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model [28, 23].”

“For a comprehensive description of this model, the reader is referred to Skamarock et al. (2005).”

“An introduction to WRF 3 is given in Skamarock et al. (2008).”

“The WRF model is used in its non-hydrostatic configuration (Skamarock et al., 2007) and forced every 3 h by the meteorological analysis data of NCEP/GFS (Kalnay et al.”

“All RCM simulations were performed using the Weather Research & Forecasting (WRF) model [Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“…study, meteorology fields for all three grids were generated by the Advanced Research Weather Research & Forecasting Model (WRF-ARW) Version 2.2.1 (Skamarock et al., 2007) with forecast and reanalyzed meteorological inputs (Mesinger et al., 2006) for the 60 km and 12 km simulations, respectively.”

“In the current study, the numerical mesoscale Weather Research and Forecasting Model WRF 3.4 (Skamarock et al. 2005) is used to analyse the urban climate on a regional scale.”

“Meteorological data were mostly simulated by the Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) in our compiled studies; the Fifth Generation Penn State/NCAR Mesoscale Model (MM5) (Grell et al., 1994) and the Regional Atmospheric Modeling system (RAMS) were used in a few studies.”

“…3.2 coupled with GHG modules to quantify the uptake and emission of atmospheric GHGs around Berlin at a high resolution of 1 km. WRF follows the fully compressible nonhydrostatic Euler equations (Skamarock et al., 2005, 2008) and is based on the actual meteorological data in this case study.”

“8, Skamarock et al 2005, Chen et al 2011, Sharma and Huang 2012, Kulkarni et al 2016, Sharma et al 2017).”

“5 (Skamarock et al., 2005) was used to dynamically downscale climate data from the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI-ESM-LR) to a high-resolution (9-km) climatic grid over IP (Figure 1(a)), for a recent-past climate (1986–2005).”

“, the Weather Research Forecast (WRF) model was released to the research community (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“Additionally, we show that the Weather Research and Fore-casting (WRF) model behaves similarly when used with the CAM4 parameterization suite, indicating that this problem likely originates in one or more of the CAM4 parameterizations.”

“[ 12 ] Weather Research Forecasting model (WRF [ Skamarock et al. , 2005]) simulations are configured to investigate whether the waves seen in the satellite data are orographic waves.”

“WRF regional climate model The RCM used in this study is based on the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model version 2.2 (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“…to estimate the diabatic terms in the PV budget as described in section 3. a. Numerical model We use the Advanced Research Weather (ARW) version of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 2.1.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005), and the WRF Standard Initialization (WRF-SI), version 2.1.”

“Therefore, to demonstrate the superiority of CNOPs in ensemble forecasting compared to RPs, realistic weather models, such as the Fifth-generation Pennsylvania State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM5; Dudhia 1993) or Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) M…”

“…including COSMO-CLM [Meissner and Gerd, 2009], and the NASA Land Information System (LIS) [Kumar et al., 2006], and at catchment scales approaching even higher resolution [Christensen et al., 1998; Giorgi, 1990; Jin et al., 2010; Jones et al., 1995; Rigon et al., 2006; Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“…an important consideration given the strong influence of ENSO-PDO on precipitation variability in the western U.S. [12] The HadCM3 global data was used as forcing for the Advanced Research version (ARW) of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) regional climate model [Skamarock et al., 2005].”

“…State University–National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Mesoscale Model (MM5) similarity-theory surface-layer scheme (Zhang and Anthes 1982; Skamarock et al. 2005), the Noah land surface scheme (Chen and Dudhia 2001), the Kain–Fritsch cumulus scheme (Kain and Fritsch 1990, 1993;…”

“For these studies the Advanced Research WRF (ARW) dynamical core (Skamarock et al. 2005) was used with a grid spacing of 13.3 km and 50 vertical levels.”

“The meteorological information derived from the Weather Research and Forecasting 3.4 model (Skamarock et al., 2008) and CB05TU chemistry mechanisms (Sarwar et al., 2013) are required inputs for CMAQ.”

“…were produced with a developmental version of WRF-Chem 3.3.1 (Grell et al., 2005) which employs the Advanced Research WRF dynamical core (ARW, Skamarock et al., 2005) with the following parameterizations of physical processes: Mellor-Yamada-Janji´c (MYJ) boundary layer parameterization…”

“…and infrequently sampled cloud-system and cloud-scale process (meso-beta and meso-gamma, including VHTs) q Model and eClieriment design q A W qq model The numerical model used is the Weather Research and Fore-casting (WRF) model, developed and maintained by NCAR (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“The Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model customized in this study is a non-hydrostatic, mass-based terrain-following sigma coordinate mesoscale model (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“It uses global circulation model (GCM) datasets as an input to give the initial and boundary conditions for an atmospheric simulation run where many parameters, including wind, are calculated (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“Table 1 Regional climate models used in this analysis Acronym Model name Contributing institution(s) Major reference(s) 1 CanRCM4 Canadian Regional Climate Model version 4 Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CCCma) Scinocca et al. 2016 2 HIRHAM5 High-Resolution Limited Area Model with ECHAM physics, ve…”

“CFN1 was performed with WRF version 2.1.2 [Skamarock et al., 2005], whereas CFN2 used WRF version 3.1.1 [Skamarock et al., 2008].”

“These top 50 events are simulated with the Weather and Research Forecast model (WRF; Skamarock et al. 2005) initialized with synoptic-scale input.”

“The tool used was the Advanced Research Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model, version 2.2 (Skamarock et al. 2005), with Thompson et al. (2004) microphysics, the Yonsei University PBL, the radiation scheme following Mlawer et al. (1997) for the longwave and the approach used by Dudhia (1989)…”

“Likewise, Maxwell et al. (2011) coupled the hydrologic model ParFlow with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al., 2005) and applied it to the Little Washita watershed in the southern Great Plains.”

“…the CAPS ensemble had 24 members: 18 members that were pro-140 duced using the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) Advanced Research WRF core (ARW; Skamarock et al. 2005), four members produced using the WRF Nonhydrostatic Mesoscale Model (NMM; Janjic 2003), one member produced using the CAPS…”

“The Advanced Research version of the Weather Research and Forecasting Model (ARW; Skamarock et al. 2005) is used to produce the real-data, convectionresolving numerical simulation of the 8 May 2009 bow echo case.”

“…Wang et al. 2004; de Szoeke et al. 2006), other studies have shown this process is an important component of the Madden–Julian oscillation (e.g., Johnson et al. 1999; Benedict and Randall 2007), and other convectively coupled equatorial waves (e.g., Straub and Kiladis 2002; Kiladis et al. 2009).”

“Many regional climate models including the newly developed community model, the Weather Research and Forecast (WRF) community model (Skamarock et al. 2005), use a singlelayer snow model.”

“…a total of 62 convection-permitting simulations of the Morakot event with the Advanced Research version (ARW) of the next-generation mesoscale Weather Research and Forecast Model (WRF) currently being developed and employed at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“While not bound by constraints like the Courant-Friedrichs-Lewy (CFL) condition, deterministic ML models will predict the ensemble mean and filter-out any spatial scales not predictable at that lead time producing unrealistically smooth forecasts.”

“The outermost domain is two-way nested to the second domain, which has 30 (20) km resolution in the Polar MM5 (WRF) versions of AMPS.”

“Although the study is limited to September 2003, the experiments provide insight into the soil moisture effects on rainfall and flood response in a broader NAM region. b. Atmospheric model The atmospheric model used here is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (Skamarock et al. 2005).”

“WRF is a regional, fully compressible model of the atmosphere suitable for simulations on a wide range of horizontal scales and grid resolutions (Michalakes et al. 2001; Skamarock et al. 2005 ).”

“This appropriate solution of basic data assimilation contributes to widely spread the indiscriminate nudging option in many up-todate regional numerical models such as MM5 (Grell et al., 1993), WRF (Skamarock et al., 2005), Méso-NH (Lafore et al., 1998), RAMS (Pielke et al., 1992), and LMDZ (Genthon et al., 2002).”

“Meteorological models (for example WRF [23], MESO-NH [24]) have been improved to include parameterizations such as BEP-BEM [25–27] or TEB [28] or UCM [29], that would better show the influence of urban areas on meteorological variables.”

“Many researchers have attempted to reproduce the heat island by using some regional weather forecast models (Pielke et al., 1992; Dudhia, 1993; Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“Wind fields for the trajectories were simulated using the Weather Research and Forecast model (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005) and were evaluated using a combination of statistical metrics, cluster analysis and CFA (deFoy et al.”

“It is non-local-K scheme with an explicit entrainment layer and parabolic K profile in unstable mixed layer (Skamarock et al 2005).”

“WRF is a three-dimensional nonhydrostatic atmospheric model (Skamarock et al., 2005).”

“In the meantime, the Weather Research and Forecasting model (WRF; Skamarock et al., 2005) has replaced MM5 and, to the authors’ best knowledge, DA-SM2-U was not ported to WRF. Lee and Park (2008) developed an urban canopy model with an explicit representation of street trees named Vegetated Urban…”

“More specific tools for WRF in grid environments have been shown to be useful in [2].”

“The application of the methodology was based on meteorological fields predicted by the WRF meteorological model (version 3.2.1, Skamarock et al., 2005), which was applied for 2008 with a horizontal grid resolution of 50 km and a temporal resolution or 3 h.”

“The latter include meteorological reanalysis projects (Kalnay et al., 1996; Compo et al., 2011) and circulation models at global (GCMs) and regional (RCMs) scales (e.g. Skamarock et al., 2005).”