Contribution of ship emissions to the concentration and deposition of air pollutants in Europe
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Abstract
Emissions from the marine transport sector are one of the least-regulated anthropogenic emission sources and contribute significantly to air pollution. Although strict limits were introduced recently for the maximum sulfur content in marine fuels in the SECAs (sulfur emission control areas) and in EU ports, sulfur emissions outside the SECAs and emissions of other components in all European maritime areas have continued to increase in the last two decades. We have used the air quality model CAMx (Comprehensive Air Quality Model with Extensions) with and without ship emissions for the year 2006 to determine the effects of international shipping on the annual as well as seasonal concentrations of ozone, primary and secondary components of PM 2.5 , and the dry and wet deposition of nitrogen and sulfur compounds in Europe. The largest changes in pollutant concentrations due to ship emissions were predicted for summer. Concentrations of particulate sulfate increased due to ship emissions in the Mediterranean (up to 60 %), the English Channel and the North Sea (30–35 %), while increases in particulate nitrate levels were found especially in the north, around the Benelux area (20 %), where there were high NH 3 land-based emissions. Our model results showed that not only are the atmospheric concentrations of pollutants affected by ship emissions, but also depositions of nitrogen and sulfur compounds increase significantly along the shipping routes. NO x emissions from the ships, especially in the English Channel and the North Sea, cause a decrease in the dry deposition of reduced nitrogen at source regions by moving it from the gas phase to the particle phase which then contributes to an increase in the wet deposition at coastal areas with higher precipitation. In the western Mediterranean region, on the other hand, model results show an increase in the deposition of oxidized nitrogen (mostly HNO 3 ) due to the ship traffic. Dry deposition of SO 2 seems to be significant along the shipping routes, whereas sulfate wet deposition occurs mainly along the Scandinavian and Adriatic coasts. The results presented in this paper suggest that evolution of NO x emissions from ships and land-based NH 3 emissions will play a significant role in future European air quality.
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Studies predict modest increases in PM2.5 of 5%-10% due to present-day shipping along the southern Norwegian coast.
“Modest increases in PM2.5 are predicted in studies focusing on European ship emissions with 5% -10% enhancements due to present-day shipping along the southern Norwegian coast (Aksoyoglu et al., 2016; Jonson et al., 2015).”
From Local Arctic Air Pollution: A Neglected but Serious Problem (2018) · cites this paper as Aksoyoglu et al., 2016
Section 3.2.2 reports that shipping increased PM2.5 by 5–10% in northern areas in winter. It does not identify the southern Norwegian coast as the location of that estimate, and Section 3.1 instead reports a 10–15% annual increase along the north European coast. (LLM, conf=0.85)
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- Authors
- Aksoyoglu, S., Baltensperger, U., & Prévôt, A. S. H.
- Affiliations
- Paul Scherrer Institute (CH)
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2016-02-18
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1895-1906
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W1951292167
- Cited by
- 154
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 9.58
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DORA PSI (Paul Scherrer Institute) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Kompetenzzentrum für Energie und Mobilität
- European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › Maritime Transport Emissions and Efficiency
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Pollution › Environmental Policies and Emissions
- Keywords
- ship emissions, maritime transport, air pollution, PM2.5, ozone, particulate sulfate, particulate nitrate, nitrogen deposition, sulfur deposition, NOx emissions, ammonia emissions, wet deposition, dry deposition, European air quality, Mediterranean, English Channel, North Sea, seasonal variation
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