Differential column measurements using compact solar-tracking spectrometers
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Abstract
Abstract. We demonstrate the use of compact solar-tracking Fourier transform spectrometers (Bruker EM27/SUN) for differential measurements of the column-averaged dry-air mole fractions of CH4 and CO2 within urban areas. Using Allan variance analysis, we show that the differential column measurement has a precision of 0.01 % for XCO2 and XCH4 with an optimum integration time of 10 min, corresponding to Allan deviations of 0.04 ppm and 0.2 ppb, respectively. The sensor system is very stable over time and after relocation across the continent. We report tests of the differential column measurement, and its sensitivity to emission sources, by measuring the downwind-minus-upwind column difference ΔXCH4 across dairy farms in the Chino area, California, and using the data to verify emissions reported in the literature. Ratios of spatial column differences ΔXCH4∕ΔXCO2 were observed across Pasadena within the Los Angeles basin, indicating values consistent with regional emission ratios from the literature. Our precise, rapid measurements allow us to determine significant short-term variations (5–10 min) of XCO2 and XCH4 and to show that they represent atmospheric phenomena.Overall, this study helps establish a range of new applications for compact solar-viewing Fourier transform spectrometers. By accurately measuring the small differences in integrated column amounts across local and regional sources, we directly observe the mass loading of the atmosphere due to the influence of emissions in the intervening locale. The inference of the source strength is much more direct than inversion modeling using only surface concentrations and less subject to errors associated with small-scale transport phenomena.
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Other column-based studies determined XCH4/XCO2 for urban sources in Los Angeles ranging from 6.65 to 9.96 ppb/ppm in 2015 and 11 ± 2 ‰ in 2008.
“Other column-based studies have determined the X CH 4 /X CO 2 for urban sources in the Los Angeles city, finding ratios ranging from 6.65 to 9.96 (ppb/ppm) in 2015 (Chen et al., 2016) and 11 ± 2 ‰ in 2008 (Wunch et al., 2009).”
The EM27/SUN is a ground-based remote sensing instrument that is relatively portable and robust for field deployments.
“The EM27/SUN is a ground-based remote sensing instrument that is relatively portable and robust for field deployments (Chen et al., 2016;Heerah et al., 2021).”
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Self-citationSelf-Calibrated Multiharmonic CO 2 Sensor Using VCSEL for Urban In Situ Measurement
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Automated enclosure and protection system for compact solar-tracking spectrometers
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Satellite and ground-based measurements of XCO 2 in a remote semiarid region of Australia
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Self-citationVCSEL-Based Atmospheric Trace Gas Sensor Using First Harmonic Detection
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Self-citationPak, N. M., Hedelius, J. K., Roche, S., Cunningham, L., Baier, B. C., Sweeney, C., Roehl, C. M., Laughner, J. L., Toon, G. C., Wennberg, P. O., et al. (2023) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-16-1239-2023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, X., Chen, J., Marshall, J., Gałkowski, M., Hachinger, S., Dietrich, F., Shekhar, A., Gensheimer, J., Wenzel, A., & Gerbig, C. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-14325-2023 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationHURTT, G. C., Andrews, A. E., Bowman, K. W., Brown, M. E., Chatterjee, A., Escobar, V. M., Fatoyinbo, T., Griffith, P. C., Guy, M., Healey, S. P., et al. (2022) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ac7407 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
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Tu, Q., Schneider, M. F., Hase, F., Khosrawi, F., Ertl, B., Nęcki, J., Dubravica, D., Diekmann, C. J., Blumenstock, T., & Fang, D. (2022) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-22-9747-2022 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ionov, D. V., Makarova, M., Hase, F., Foka, S. C., Kostsov, V. S., Alberti, C., Blumenstock, T., Warneke, T., & Virolainen, Y. A. (2021) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-21-10939-2021 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Alberti, C., Tu, Q., Hase, F., Makarova, M., Gribanov, K. G., Foka, S. C., Zakharov, V., Blumenstock, T., Buchwitz, M., Diekmann, C. J., et al. (2022) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-15-2199-2022 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Che, K., Liu, Y., Cai, Z., Yang, D., Wang, H., Ji, D., Yang, Y., & Wang, P. (2022) · Advances in Atmospheric Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00376-022-1247-7 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Heerah, S., Frausto‐Vicencio, I., Jeong, S., Marklein, A. R., Ding, Y., Meyer, A. G., Parker, H. A., Fischer, M. L., Franklin, J. E., Hopkins, F. M., et al. (2021) · Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres · doi:10.1029/2021jd034785 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citationForstmaier, A., Chen, J., Dietrich, F., Bettinelli, J., Maazallahi, H., Schneider, C., Winkler, D., Zhao, X., Jones, T., van der Veen, C., et al. (2023) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-6897-2023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationGhasemifard, H., Yuan, Y., Lüpke, M., Schunk, C., Chen, J., Ries, L., Leuchner, M., & Menzel, A. (2018) · Aerosol and Air Quality Research · doi:10.4209/aaqr.2018.01.0010 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationTu, Q., Hase, F., Blumenstock, T., Schneider, M. F., Schneider, A. M., Kivi, R., Heikkinen, P., Ertl, B., Diekmann, C. J., Khosrawi, F., et al. (2021) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-14-1993-2021 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
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Broadband static Fourier transform mid-infrared spectrometer
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Self-citationCO2 Emissions Estimate From Mexico City Using Ground‐ and Space‐Based Remote Sensing
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Self-citationClimate Impact Comparison of Electric and Gas‐Powered End‐User Appliances
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Self-citationSpatio‐temporal prediction of land surface temperature using semantic kriging
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Self-citationFrausto-Vicencio, I., Heerah, S., Meyer, A. G., Parker, H. A., Dubey, M., & Hopkins, F. M. (2023) · Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics · doi:10.5194/acp-23-4521-2023 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The EM27/SUN is a ground-based remote sensing instrument that is relatively portable and robust for field deployments (Chen et al., 2016; Heerah et al., 2021).”
Self-citationGreenhouse gas column observations from a portable spectrometer in Uganda
Humpage, N., Boesch, H., Okello, W., Chen, J., Dietrich, F., Lunt, M. F., Feng, L., Palmer, P. I., & Hase, F. (2024) · Atmospheric measurement techniques · doi:10.5194/amt-17-5679-2024 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationFossil Fuel CO 2 Emission Signatures Over India Captured by OCO‐2 Satellite Measurements
Balamurugan, V., & Chen, J. (2024) · Earth s Future · doi:10.1029/2023ef004411 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPyra: Automated EM27/SUN Greenhouse Gas Measurement Software
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Self-citationTaquet, N., Stremme, W., del Castillo, M. E. G., Almanza, V., Bezanilla, A., Laurent, O., Alberti, C., Hase, F., Ramonet, M., Lauvaux, T., et al. (2024) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-24-11823-2024 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
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Experimental Estimates of Integral Anthropogenic CO2 Emissions in the City of St. Petersburg
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Self-citationImproving urban CO2 spatial distribution modelling using multi-source data
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Study on Dispersion of Carbon Dioxide over the Shrubbery Region
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Comparison of Landfill Methane Emission Quantification Using Multiple Observation Methods
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Forecasting Interannual Space-based CO2 Concentration using Geostatistical Mapping Approach
Bhattacharjee, S., Dill, K., & Chen, J. (2020) · IEEE International Conference on Electronics, Computing and Communication Technologies (CONECCT) · doi:10.1109/conecct50063.2020.9198511 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationTwo years of total column measurements of CO 2 , CH 4 and CO in Paris, France
Doc, J., Bréon, F., Lopez, M., Té, Y., Jeseck, P., Lian, J., Nief, G., Parent, A., Leuridan, H., & Ramonet, M. (2026) · Atmospheric chemistry and physics · doi:10.5194/acp-26-8937-2026 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Analyzing the Inversion Performance of a Permanent Urban Column GHG Network: An OSSE Perspective
Zhang, J., Chen, J., Wu, K., & Tang, H. (2025) · Earth and Space Science · doi:10.1029/2024ea004175 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationRecovery of sparse urban greenhouse gas emissions
Zanger, B., Chen, J., Sun, M., & Dietrich, F. (2022) · Geoscientific model development · doi:10.5194/gmd-15-7533-2022 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Self-citationTotal Column GHG Ratios From Ground‐Based Measurements Inform Emissions Inventories
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Self-citationDesign and implementation of a heliostat for atmospheric spectroscopy
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Compact static Fourier transform spectrometer for time-resolved mid-infrared spectroscopy
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Greenhouse Gas Column Measurements by Ground-Based FTS
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Urban greenhouse gas emissions as observed using a high-density sensor network
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Differential Column Sensor Network in Munich and Low-Cost NOx Sensor Development
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- Authors
- Chen, J., Viatte, C., Hedelius, J. K., Jones, T., Franklin, J. E., Parker, H., Gottlieb, E. W., Wennberg, P. O., Dubey, M. K., & Wofsy, S. C.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- California Institute of Technology (US)
- Los Alamos National Laboratory (US)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Jia
- ORCID
- Venue
- Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics
- Publisher
- Copernicus GmbH
- Published
- 2016-07-12
- Volume
- 16
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 8479-8498
- ISSN
- 1680-7316 (ISSN-L)
- 1680-7324
- OpenAlex
- W2285532094
- Cited by
- 143
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 2
- FWCI
- 7.42
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Atmospheric chemistry and physics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- CaltechAUTHORS (California Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- mediaTUM – the media and publications repository of the Technical University Munich (Technical University Munich) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (1337512)
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration
- European Commission (291763)
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (291763)
- Technische Universität München (291763)
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
- Los Alamos National Laboratory
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Atmospheric and Environmental Gas Dynamics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Spectroscopy and Laser Applications
- Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Atmospheric Science › Atmospheric chemistry and aerosols
- Keywords
- methane, carbon dioxide, urban air quality, Allan variance, measurement precision, emission verification, Los Angeles Basin, source strength
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