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PreprintCited by 186Climate Change and GeoengineeringCO2 Sequestration and Geologic InteractionsMarine Plankton and Biogeochemistry

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Limits and CO2 equilibration of near-coast alkalinity enhancement

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He, Jing, Tyka, Michael Dominik·2022·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/egusphere-2022-683

Preprint — published as 10.5194/bg-20-27-2023

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Abstract

Abstract. Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (OAE) has recently gained attention as a potential method for negative emissions at gigatonne scale, with near-coast OAE operations being economically favorable due to proximity to mineral and energy sources. In this paper we study critical questions which determine the scale and viability of OAE: Which coastal locations are able to sustain a large flux of alkalinity at minimal pH and ΩArag (aragonite saturation) changes? What is the interference distance between adjacent OAE projects? How much CO2 is absorbed per unit of alkalinity added? How quickly does the induced CO2 deficiency equilibrate with the atmosphere? Using the LLC270 (0.3deg) ECCO global circulation model we find that the steady-state OAE rate varies over 1–2 orders of magnitude between different coasts and exhibits complex patterns and non-local dependencies which vary from region to region. In general, OAE in areas of strong coastal currents allow the largest fluxes and depending on the direction of coastal currents, neighboring OAE sites can exhibit dependencies as far as 400 km or more. We found that within relatively conservative constraints set on ∆pH or ∆Omega, most regional stretches of coastline are able to accommodate on the order of tens to hundreds of megatonnes of negative emissions within 300 km of the coast. We conclude that near-coastal OAE has the potential to scale globally to several GtCO2/yr of drawdown with conservative pH constraints, if the effort is spread over the majority of available coastlines. Depending on the location, we find a diverse set of equilibration kinetics, determined by the interplay of gas exchange and surface residence time. Most locations reach an uptake-efficiency plateau of 0.6–0.8mol CO2 per mol of alkalinity after 3–4 years, after which there is little further CO2 uptake. The most ideal locations, reaching an uptake of around 0.8 include north Madagascar, San Francisco, Brazil, Peru and locations close to the southern ocean such as Tasmania, Kerguelen and Patagonia, where the gas exchange appears to occur faster than the surface residence time. Some locations (e.g. Hawaii) take significantly longer to equilibrate (up to 8–10 years), though can still eventually achieve high uptake. If the alkalinity released advects into regions of significant downwelling (e.g. around Iceland) up to half of the OAE potential can be lost to bottom waters.

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  • Subduction and diapycnal mixing depend on oceanographic conditions that vary by location, seasonally, interannually, and with weather.

    “Both processes depend on oceanographic conditions that vary by location, as well as seasonally, interannually, and with weather. 59,61”

    From A framework for understanding efficiency losses of Ocean Alkalinity Enhancement (2026) · cites this paper as [61]

    Section 3.2 describes alkalinity being subducted off Japan and later remixed, while section 3.1 notes seasonal and year-to-year changes in currents. The copy supports location-dependent behavior and temporal variation in ocean conditions, but does not specifically establish that both subduction and diapycnal mixing vary with weather or across all the stated timescales. (LLM, conf=0.78)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Authors
He, J., & Tyka, M. D.
Affiliations
  • Massachusetts Institute of Technology (US)
  • Google (United States) (US)
Corresponding author
  • He, Jing
  • Tyka, Michael Dominik
ORCID
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2022-07-22
Volume
20
Issue
1
Pages
27-43
ISSN
1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.5194/egusphere-2022-683
OpenAlex
W4313533266
Cited by
186
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 41 · 2025: 47 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 66
FWCI
19.22
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Institutional Archive of Ifremer (French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DSpace@MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Open Access Server of the Woods Hole Scientific Community (Woods Hole Scientific Community) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • dggv-e-publications
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine Plankton and Biogeochemistry
Keywords
ocean alkalinity enhancement, carbon dioxide removal, CO2 equilibration, aragonite saturation state, pH change, coastal currents, gas exchange, surface residence time, downwelling, Southern Ocean, CO2 solubility

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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