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PreprintCited by 21Marine and coastal ecosystemsCO2 Sequestration and Geologic InteractionsClimate Change and Geoengineering

Ocean alkalinity enhancement in an open ocean ecosystem: Biogeochemical responses and carbon storage durability

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Paul, Allanah Joy, Haunost, Mathias, Goldenberg, Silvan Urs, Hartmann, Jens, Sánchez, Nicolás, Schneider, Julieta, Suitner, Niels, Riebesell, Ulf·2024·Biogeosciences
DOI 10.5194/egusphere-2024-417

Preprint — published as 10.5194/bg-22-2749-2025 · Paper page

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Abstract

Abstract. Ocean alkalinity enhancement (OAE) is considered for the long-term removal of gigatons of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere to achieve our climate goals. Little is known, however, about the ecosystem-level changes in biogeochemical functioning that may result from the chemical sequestration of CO2 in seawater, and how stable the sequestration is. We studied these two aspects in natural plankton communities under carbonate-based, CO2-equilibrated OAE in the nutrient-poor North Atlantic. During a month-long mesocosm experiment, the majority of biogeochemical pools, including inorganic nutrients, particulate organic carbon and phosphorus as well as biogenic silica, remained unaltered across all OAE levels of up to a doubling of ambient alkalinity (+2400 µeq kg-1). Noticeable exceptions were a minor decrease in particulate organic nitrogen and an increase in the carbon to nitrogen ratio (C:N) of particulate organic matter in response to OAE. Thus, in our nitrogen limited system, nitrogen turnover processes appear more susceptible than those of other elements leading to decreased food quality and increased organic carbon storage. However, alkalinity and chemical CO2 sequestration were not stable at all levels of OAE. Two weeks after alkalinity addition, we measured a loss of added alkalinity and of the initially stored CO2 in the mesocosm where alkalinity was highest (+2400 µeq kg-1, Ωaragonite ~10). The loss rate accelerated over time. Additional tests showed that such secondary precipitation can be initiated by particles acting as precipitation nuclei and that this process can occur even at lower levels of OAE. In conclusion, on the one hand, our study under carbonate-based OAE where the carbon is already sequestered, the risk of major and sustained impacts on biogeochemical functioning may be low in the nutrient-poor ocean. On the other hand, the durability of carbon sequestration using OAE could be constrained by alkalinity loss in supersaturated waters with precipitation nuclei present. Our study provides evaluation of ecosystem impacts of an idealised OAE deployment for monitoring, reporting and verification (MRV) in an oligotrophic system. Whether biogeochemical functioning is resilient to more technically simple and economically more viable approaches that induce stronger water chemistry perturbations remains to be seen.

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  • These observations agree with previous studies reporting negligible effects of OAE on biological carbon sequestration in coastal oligotrophic systems.

    “These observations agree with previous studies reporting negligible effects of OAE on biological carbon sequestration in coastal oligotrophic systems (Paul et al., 2024; Suessle et al., 2024).”

    From Biogeochemical responses to ocean alkalinity enhancement in the North China Sea (2026) · cites this paper as Paul et al., 2024

    The Abstract reports that particulate organic carbon remained unaltered across OAE levels in a nutrient-poor North Atlantic mesocosm, supporting a limited-effect finding. But the study concerns an open-ocean community, not a coastal system, and unchanged particulate carbon does not establish negligible effects on biological carbon sequestration itself. (LLM, conf=0.86)

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Paul, A. J., Haunost, M., Goldenberg, S. U., Hartmann, J., Sánchez, N., Schneider, J., Suitner, N., & Riebesell, U.
Affiliations
  • GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (DE)
  • Universität Hamburg (DE)
ORCID
Venue
Biogeosciences
Publisher
Copernicus GmbH
Published
2024-03-04
Volume
22
Issue
12
Pages
2749-2766
ISSN
1726-4170 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.5194/egusphere-2024-417
OpenAlex
W4411433627
Cited by
21
References
0
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2
FWCI
9.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biogeosciences (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research Kiel (GEOMAR) (acceptedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Horizon 2020 (869357, 731065)
  • Helmholtz Association (PIE-0021)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Earth and Planetary Sciences › Oceanography › Marine and coastal ecosystems
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Engineering › CO2 Sequestration and Geologic Interactions
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Global and Planetary Change › Climate Change and Geoengineering
Keywords
ocean alkalinity enhancement, carbon dioxide removal, secondary precipitation, plankton communities, biogeochemical responses, C/N ratio, nitrogen limitation, particulate organic carbon, phosphorus, biogenic silica, monitoring, reporting and verification, mesocosm experiment

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