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Los manteños de Bola de Oro y su resiliencia al cambio climático: reconstrucción cronológica de modificaciones agrícolas a través de modelado de edad-profundidad y análisis de abundancia de carbón
Abstract
Un paisaje modificado de terrazas de cultivo y albarradas en la cordillera Chongón-Colonche en el sur de Manabí indica un cambio en las prácticas agrícolas manteñas (ca. 650-1700 e. c.). Este giro debe entenderse como una respuesta social a través del tiempo a la escasez y abundancia de lluvias por un clima en constante cambio durante el Holoceno tardío. Los resultados de excavación, datación por radiocarbono, modelado de edad-profundidad y análisis de abundancia de carbón como un indicador del uso del fuego en tres modificaciones manteñas identificadas a través de Lidar y reconocidas en el campo en la montaña Bola de Oro respaldan las siguientes interpretaciones. Bola de Oro fue ocupada por los manteños ca. 900 a 730 años cal. a. p. (1050-1220 e. c.) durante sequías constantes atribuidas a la Anomalía Climática Medieval (ACM). La implementación de terrazas de cultivo reforzadas con piedra comienza ca. 610-545 años cal. a. p. (1340-1405 e. c.) y muestra un uso constante del fuego durante el siglo XV. Esta sólida inversión fue una adaptación a sequías prolongadas e inundaciones extremas ocasionales debido a una gran inestabilidad en El Niño-Oscilación del Sur (ENOS) durante los siglos entre la ACM y la Pequeña Edad de Hielo (PEH). Una pausa en el uso del fuego durante el siglo XVI indica el regreso de condiciones húmedas asociadas a la PEH. El auge del uso del fuego marca el final de la ocupación a finales del siglo XVI y principios del XVII. Toda actividad cesa durante los siglos XVII y XVIII hasta el regreso de poblaciones descendientes en la segunda mitad del siglo XIX. El éxito manteño en un clima en constante cambio se puede atribuir a su esfuerzo por transformar el entorno más resistente del territorio a las sequías prolongadas y las inundaciones extremas de ENOS en un paisaje humano.
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The date range ca.900-730 CAL B.P. (A.D. 1050-1220) is the oldest from a Manteño context found in Bola de Oro.
“The Río Blanco agricultural terrace only produced charcoal for a single date: the date range obtained of ca.900-730 CAL B.P. (A.D. 1050-1220) is the oldest from a Manteño context found in Bola de Oro (Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
The dates produced by the context contained by one of the water retention ponds are from the mid-19th century A.D. to the beginning of the 20th century A.D.
“Unfortunately, the dates produced by the context contained by one of the water retention ponds are from the mid-19th century A.D. to the beginning of the 20th century A.D., suggesting that all sediment deposition within the water retention pond occurred after abandonment (Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
The Manteño's reliance on inland towns, especially the settlements in Bola de Oro, was most likely deepened, as shown by their robust investment in transforming these slopes and reinforcing them with stone to face climate instability.
“The society's reliance on inland towns, especially the Manteño settlements in Bola de Oro, was most likely deepened, evident by the robust investment in transforming these slopes and reinforcing them with stone to face such climate instability (Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
All sediment deposition within the water retention pond occurred after abandonment, as suggested by the dates.
“Unfortunately, the dates produced by the context contained by one of the water retention ponds are from the mid-19th century A.D. to the beginning of the 20th century A.D., suggesting that all sediment deposition within the water retention pond occurred after abandonment (Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
By the 12th century A.D., the Manteño occupied even higher elevations on the western slopes of Bola de Oro.
“By the 12th century A.D., the Manteño occupied even higher elevations on the western slopes of Bola de Oro (Garzón-Oechsle 2018; Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
Descendant communities returned to Bola de Oro in the second half of the 19th century A.D.
“The abandonment of Bola de Oro appears to have been gradual (Scott 2018) but final by the 17th century A.D. until the return of descendant communities in the second half of the 19th century A.D. (Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023).”
From In between the sites: understanding late holocene manteño agricultural contexts in the chongón-colonche mountains of coastal ecuador through UAV-lidar and excavation (2025) · cites this paper as Garzón-Oechsle, Johanson, and Martínez 2023
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Garzón-Oechsle, A., Johanson, E., Nagarajan, S., & Martínez, V. (2025) · Journal of Field Archaeology · doi:10.1080/00934690.2024.2439223 · Cited by 3
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- Garzón-Oechsle, A. E., Johanson, E., & Martínez, V.
- Affiliations
- Florida Atlantic University, Boca Ratón, EE. UU.
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- Instituto Nacional de Patrimonio Cultural - Ecuador
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- 2023-12-01
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