CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 68Sexual Assault and Victimization StudiesStalking, Cyberstalking, and HarassmentCybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies

Image-based sexual abuse: Victims and perpetrators

Open access
Henry, Nicola, Flynn, Asher, Powell, Anastasia·2019·Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks
DOI 10.52922/ti09975
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Image-based sexual abuse (IBSA) refers to the non-consensual creation, distribution or threatened distribution of nude or sexual images. This research examines the prevalence, nature and impacts of IBSA victimisation and perpetration in Australia. This form of abuse was found to be relatively common among respondents surveyed and to disproportionately affect Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people with a disability, homosexual and bisexual people and young people. The nature of victimisation and perpetration was found to differ by gender, with males more likely to perpetrate IBSA, and females more likely to be victimised by a partner or ex-partner.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.52922/ti09975

Cites

31 of 31 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In the review, four studies indicated that sextortion victims were more likely to be boys or men, while two studies found that women or girls were more likely to be victims.

    “In our review, four studies indicated that sextortion victims were more likely to be boys or men (Eaton et al., 2022; Henry et al., 2019, 2020; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020), while two studies found that women or girls were more likely to be victims (Finkelhor et al., 2023; Kopecký, 2017).”

    From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Henry et al., 2019

    The Victimisation of image-based sexual abuse section reports similar overall victimisation rates for men and women, not a higher rate for men. More specifically, the Victimisation studies section reports no significant gender difference in one study of threats to share intimate images, equal rates in another, and higher rates among women in a third. The cited paper therefore does not indicate that boys or men were more likely to experience sextortion. (LLM, conf=0.87)

    Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Existing research overwhelmingly shows that men and boys are more likely to perpetrate sextortion than women and girls.

    “While existing research overwhelmingly shows that men and boys are more likely to perpetrate sextortion than women and girls (CCCP, 2022; Gámez-Guadix, Sorrel et al., 2022; Henry et al., 2019, 2020; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020; Thorn, 2017; Wolak et al., 2016)”

    From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Henry et al., 2019

    The 'Perpetration of image-based sexual abuse' section reports that men were significantly more likely than women to perpetrate every measured form of image-based sexual abuse, including threats to distribute sexual images, which the paper calls sextortion. It does not establish that existing research overwhelmingly reaches this conclusion, or report a separate boys-versus-girls finding; its review says most earlier perpetration studies did not report gender differences. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Most of the quantitative studies found that sextortion perpetrators were more likely to be intimate partners or other known persons as opposed to strangers or those known only online to the victim.

    “Most of the quantitative studies found that sextortion perpetrators were more likely to be intimate partners or other known persons as opposed to strangers or those known only online to the victim (Finkelhor et al., 2023; Henry et al., 2019; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020; Wolak et al., 2016, 2018).”

    From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Henry et al., 2019

    The Victimisation studies section reports sextortion involving an ex-partner and describes a survey comparing face-to-face relationships with online encounters. But its finding is that perpetrators more frequently carried out threats or otherwise harmed victims in the face-to-face group—not that most quantitative studies found perpetrators were more likely to be known to victims than strangers or online-only contacts. No page number is available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • These studies found that minoritized groups, including indigenous, Black, culturally and linguistically diverse, and migrant groups, were more likely to report sextortion victimization.

    “These studies found that minoritized groups, including indigenous, Black, culturally and linguistically diverse, and migrant groups, were more likely to report sextortion victimization (Eaton et al., 2022; Henry et al., 2019, 2020).”

    From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Henry et al., 2019

    In “Victimisation in vulnerable populations” (page unavailable), the paper reports that 36% of Indigenous respondents, versus 8% of non-Indigenous respondents, had been threatened with distribution of a nude or sexual image. It does not establish higher sextortion victimization for all the groups listed: it reports no significant association between victimisation and language spoken at home or foreign-born status, and the cited passages provide no corresponding finding for Black respondents. Its finding for people speaking a language other than English at home concerns images shared without consent, not threats. (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts.

    “Findings across these studies show that sexual minorities were more likely to experience sextortion victimization than their heterosexual counterparts (Eaton et al., 2022; Gámez-Guadix & Incera, 2021; Henry et al., 2019; Pacheco et al., 2019; Patchin & Hinduja, 2020).”

    From Sextortion: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as Henry et al., 2019

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 1

  1. Reed L, Tolman R & Ward M 2016. Snooping and sexting: Digital media as a context for dating aggression and abuse among college students. Violence Against Women 22(13): 1556-1576

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Henry, N., Flynn, A., & Powell, A.
Affiliations
Australian Institute of Criminology (AU)
ORCID
Venue
Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks
Publisher
Australian Institute of Criminology
Published
2019-03-07
DOI
10.52922/ti09975
OpenAlex
W2923828123
Cited by
67
References
31
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 6
FWCI
6.50
Type
book
Language
en
Open access
Locations
Australian Institute of Criminology eBooks (publishedVersion)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Sexual Assault and Victimization Studies
  • Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Stalking, Cyberstalking, and Harassment
  • Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Information Systems › Cybercrime and Law Enforcement Studies
Keywords
image-based sexual abuse, sexual victimization, sexual offending, prevalence, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples, people with disabilities, sexual minorities, youth, gender differences, intimate partner violence, Australia

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review