Wellbeing in international schools: Teachers’ perceptions
Abstract
Aim(s): This study explored the perceptions of wellbeing of teachers and teaching assistants who work within the international school sector. Method: A mixed methods approach provided quantitative and qualitative data. An online questionnaire was completed by 1065 staff in international schools from 72 countries worldwide. Data was summarised to provide an overview of the important wellbeing factors for participants. From this, a semi-structured interview was devised and conducted with 18 people, then analysed using thematic analysis to extract major themes. Findings: International schools provide a unique perspective on wellbeing, possibly due to the multicultural, multilingual staff and student body as well as the relatively high frequency of transition between schools. The importance of appreciation, relationships and belonging were highlighted. When sufficiently robust, these are effective in balancing out the impact of negative factors such as weak leadership, workloads and lack of resources. Limitations: This study was broad; the initial focus was on wellbeing generally not belongingness. Future studies could deepen our understanding of belongingness in terms of what it is perceived as, how it develops and the benefits. The student voice was not represented. The sample was opportunist and voluntary. Conclusions: Collaborative and respectful relationships, the appreciation of colleagues and leaders and strong feelings of belongingness were central to positive wellbeing. This could have implications for those who work within schools in all sectors. Educational psychologists are well placed to support leadership teams to implement strategies that enhance the development of relationships and belongingness in schools.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Collaborative relationships can help to offset some of the negative aspects of teaching.
“collaborative relationships can help to offset some of the negative aspects of teaching (Wigford & Higgins, 2019).”
From What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review (2024) · cites this paper as Wigford & Higgins, 2019
Teacher well-being may be correlated with the quality of a teacher's relations with parents, as shown in five studies.
“TWB may be correlated with the quality of a teacher's relations with parents, as shown in five studies”
From Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000–2019 (2021) · cites this paper as Wigford & Higgins, 2019
Cites
The need to belong: Desire for interpersonal attachments as a fundamental human motivation.
Baumeister, R. F., & Leary, M. R. (1995) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037//0033-2909.117.3.497 · Cited by 23,245 · see citing works
Maslow, A. H. (1943) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0054346 · Cited by 21,563 · see citing works
Subjective well-being: Three decades of progress.
Diener, E., Suh, E. M., Lucas, R. E., & Smith, H. L. (1999) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.125.2.276 · Cited by 12,910 · see citing works
Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners
(2016) · QMiP Bulletin · doi:10.53841/bpsqmip.2016.1.21.48 · Cited by 4,016 · see citing works
(1994) · Cited by 3,556 · see citing works
The challenge of defining wellbeing
Dodge, R., Daly, A., Huyton, J., & Sanders, L. (2012) · International Journal of Wellbeing · doi:10.5502/ijw.v2i3.4 · Cited by 2,166 · see citing works
What Schools Need to Know About Fostering School Belonging: a Meta-analysis
Allen, K., Kern, M. L., Vella-Brodrick, D., Hattie, J., & Waters, L. (2018) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-016-9389-8 · Cited by 1,141 · see citing works
Teacher Wellbeing: The Importance of Teacher–Student Relationships
Spilt, J. L., Koomen, H. M. Y., & Thijs, J. T. (2011) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-011-9170-y · Cited by 1,096 · see citing works
Mindfulness for Teachers: A Pilot Study to Assess Effects on Stress, Burnout, and Teaching Efficacy
Flook, L., Goldberg, S. B., Pinger, L., Bonus, K., & Davidson, R. J. (2013) · Mind, Brain, and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12026 · Cited by 682 · see citing works
Flourish : a new understanding of happiness and well-being - and how to achieve them
Seligman, M. E. P. (2011) · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Teacher Emotions: Well Being and Effectiveness
Day, C. W., & Gu, Q. (2009) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-0564-2_2 · Cited by 257 · see citing works
Belonging as a guiding principle in the education of adolescents
Allen, K., & Bowles, T. (2012) · Australian journal of educational and developmental psychology · Cited by 171 · see citing works
Handbook of Implementation Science for Psychology in Education
(2012) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9781139013949 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Soutter, A. K., O'Steen, B., & Gilmore, A. (2014) · International Journal of Adolescence and Youth · doi:10.1080/02673843.2012.754362 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Promoting emotional health, well-being, and resilience in primary schools
Banerjee, R. A., McLaughlin, C., Cotney, J., Roberts, L. B., & Peereboom, C. (2016) · Digital Education Resource Archive (University College London) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Children Third on the Move Culture Kids
Gillies, W. D. (1998) · Childhood Education · doi:10.1080/00094056.1998.10521975 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Teacher well-being: A systematic review of the research literature from the year 2000–2019
Hascher, T., & Waber, J. (2021) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2021.100411 · Cited by 680 · see citing works
What do we know about interventions to improve educator wellbeing? A systematic literature review
Cann, R., Sinnema, C., Rodway, J., & Daly, A. J. (2024) · Journal of Educational Change · doi:10.1007/s10833-023-09490-w · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…with colleagues as contributing to developing confidence, reducing anxiety and stress and contributing to their wellbeing (Collie et al., 2012; Paterson & Grantham, 2016), and that collaborative relationships can help to offset some of the negative aspects of teaching (Wigford & Higgins, 2019).”
Moldavan, A. M., Edwards-Leis, C., & Murray, J. (2022) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2022.103732 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Cann, R. F., Sinnema, C., Daly, A. J., Rodway, J., & Liou, Y.-H. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.775614 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Johnson, J. L. (2022) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2022.100176 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
The impact of self-efficacy on the well-being of primary school teachers: a Greek-Cypriot study
Reppa, G., Mousoulidou, M., Tzovla, E., Koundourou, C., & Christodoulou, A. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1223222 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Poole, A., & Bunnell, T. (2023) · Compare A Journal of Comparative and International Education · doi:10.1080/03057925.2023.2212110 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Golis, A. (2024) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2024.2341042 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Australian teachers’ conceptualisations of wellbeing at work: A prototype analysis
Vo, D. T., Allen, K., & Reupert, A. (2024) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2024.104653 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
An Exploration of Preservice Teacher Readiness for Teaching in Rural and Remote Schools
Hudson, S., Young, K., Thiele, C., & Hudson, P. (2020) · Australian and International Journal of Rural Education · doi:10.47381/aijre.v30i3.280 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Hartcher, K., Chapman, S., & Morrison, C. (2022) · Cambridge Journal of Education · doi:10.1080/0305764x.2022.2155612 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Golis, A. (2024) · Educational Review · doi:10.1080/00131911.2024.2398026 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Daya Tahan, Strategi Daya Tindak Serta Hubungannya Terhadap Tahap Kesejahteraan Psikologi Guru
Razak, N. A., & Kutty, F. M. (2021) · Malaysian Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities (MJSSH) · doi:10.47405/mjssh.v6i3.713 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Teacher Relationships in Chinese Internationalized Schools
Golis, A. (2024) · The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher · doi:10.1007/s40299-024-00855-0 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Langston, S., & Gordon, W. V. (2023) · British Journal of Guidance and Counselling · doi:10.1080/03069885.2023.2264477 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Walter, H. L., Kutscher, E. L., Fox, H. B., Tuckwiller, E. D., & Ball, K. B. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Research Open · doi:10.1016/j.ijedro.2023.100253 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Internationalisierung im deutschen Schulsystem
Schippling, A., & Keßler, C. I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-24734-8_70-1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“We Think You’ll Make a Great Fit”: Navigating the Precarity of Being a Gay International Teacher
Brady, B. (2022) · The New Educator · doi:10.1080/1547688x.2022.2085831 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Expatriate teachers’ experiences with the leadership in Chinese internationalised schools
Golis, A., & Jones, L. (2024) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432241283928 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Nguyen, H. T. L., Trần, L. T., Luu, T. T. P., Luong, D., & Pham, H. (2025) · Journal of Studies in International Education · doi:10.1177/10283153251375406 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Lee, A., Fung, W. K., Chung, K. K. H., Datu, J. A. D., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2024) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.23346 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Vatou, A., Michael, D., Manolitsis, G., Mouzaki, A., Evangelou, M., Kypriotaki, M., Oikonomidis, V., Vrasidas, C., Charalambous, V., & Grammatikopoulos, V. (2025) · Early Years Journal of International Research and Development · doi:10.1080/09575146.2025.2552412 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Winchip, E. (2024) · Journal of Research in International Education · doi:10.1177/14752409241302626 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Well-being of international school leaders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Bailey, L., & Gibson, M. T. (2024) · Educational Management Administration & Leadership · doi:10.1177/17411432241269412 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Internationalisierung im deutschen Schulsystem
Schippling, A., & Keßler, C. I. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-24729-4_70 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Szerląg, A., Urbanek, A., & Gandecka, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18158166 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Relational Leadership: Reconceptualizing How School Districts Address Teacher Attrition
Burt, N. J., & Jones, J. R. (2023) · Journal of Educational Leadership in Action · doi:10.62608/2164-1102.1129 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Jackson, J. J., Moldavan, A. M., & Valauri, A. (2023) · National Youth Advocacy and Resilience Journal · doi:10.20429/nyarj.2023.060103
Moldavan, A. M. (2025) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/978-1-80592-413-520251017
Bula, M. M., Pol, M., Lazarová, B., & Hrušková, T. (2026) · Studia paedagogica · doi:10.5817/sp2025-3-5
Wang, X., Xu, Y., Wei, J., & Jin, R. (2026) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/j.tate.2026.105706 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychological distress among special education teachers in Saudi Arabia: A cross-sectional studyPreprint
Alallawi, B., & Alqazlan, S. (2026) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-10654546/v1
Toward Understanding the Subjectivity of Teacher Well-Being: An Application of Q Methodology
Thumvichit, A. (2026) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-026-01101-8
- Authors
- Wigford, A., & Higgins, A.
- Venue
- Educational and Child Psychology
- Publisher
- British Psychological Society
- Published
- 2019-12
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 46-64
- ISSN
- 0267-1611 (ISSN-L)
- 2396-8702
- OpenAlex
- W3025880887
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 5.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Educational and Child Psychology (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Occupational Therapy › Occupational Health and Burnout
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Social Sciences › Education › Teacher Education and Leadership Studies
- Keywords
- teacher well-being, international schools, teaching assistants, teacher perceptions, sense of belonging, appreciation, professional relationships, school leadership, workload, transition to school, multicultural schools
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review