The DOI matches its Crossref record; 57 of the 57 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Insulin resistance and Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Emerging data demonstrate pivotal roles for brain insulin resistance and insulin deficiency as mediators of cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration, particularly Alzheimer's disease (AD). Insulin and insulin-like growth factors (IGFs) regulate neuronal survival, energy metabolism, and plasticity, which are required for learning and memory. Hence, endogenous brain-specific impairments in insulin and IGF signaling account for the majority of AD-associated abnormalities. However, a second major mechanism of cognitive impairment has been linked to obesity and Type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Human and experimental animal studies revealed that neurodegeneration associated with peripheral insulin resistance is likely effectuated via a liver-brain axis whereby toxic lipids, including ceramides, cross the blood brain barrier and cause brain insulin resistance, oxidative stress, neuro-inflammation, and cell death. In essence, there are dual mechanisms of brain insulin resistance leading to AD-type neurodegeneration: one mediated by endogenous, CNS factors; and the other, peripheral insulin resistance with excess cytotoxic ceramide production.
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“Alterations in the insulin signaling pathway have also been suggested as potential contributors to cognitive dysfunction because of the pivotal role of this hormone in modulating brain structure and function.[12][13][14]”
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“It is becoming clear that the obesity-induced toxic internal environment does not spare the brain ([24](#B24), [46](#B46), [48](#B48), [52](#B52), [59](#B59), [95](#B95), [121](#B121), [127](#B127), [177](#B177), [182](#B182), [198](#B198)).”
From Food reward, hyperphagia, and obesity (2011) · cites this paper as [46]
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“Recent evidence suggests that insulin resistance, a hallmark of diabetes, develops in Alzheimer’s brains (, 2000; Craft et al., 1999; de la Monte, 2009; Moroz et al., 2008; Pedersen and Flynn, 2004; Razay and Wilcock, 1994; Watson and Craft, 2003).”
From The Aβ oligomer hypothesis for synapse failure and memory loss in Alzheimer’s disease (2011) · cites this paper as de la Monte, 2009
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Cites
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Human insulin receptor and its relationship to the tyrosine kinase family of oncogenes
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Alzheimer’s disease is type 3 diabetes—Evidence reviewed
de la Monte, S. M., & Wands, J. R. (2008) · Journal of Diabetes Science and Technology · doi:10.1177/193229680800200619 · Cited by 1,158
Ceramides in insulin resistance and lipotoxicity
Summers, S. A. (2005) · Progress in Lipid Research · doi:10.1016/j.plipres.2005.11.002 · Cited by 866
Intranasal insulin improves cognition and modulates β-amyloid in early AD
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Rivera, E. J., Goldin, A., Fulmer, N., Tavares, R., Wands, J. R., & de la Monte, S. M. (2005) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2005-8304 · Cited by 723 · cited 15×
“In addition, inhibition of insulin/IGF-1 signaling blocks the Wnt pathway (24), which negatively regulates GSK-3β via a PI3K/Akt-independent mechanism.”
BackgroundInfluentialHolland, W. L., & Summers, S. A. (2008) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.2007-0025 · Cited by 604
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Bomfim, T. R., Forny‐Germano, L., Sathler, L. B., Brito‐Moreira, J., Houzel, J., Decker, H., Silverman, M. A., Kazi, H., Melo, H. M., McClean, P. L., et al. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci57256 · Cited by 849
Chen, Z., & Zhong, C. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.004 · Cited by 698
Brain fuel metabolism, aging, and Alzheimer’s disease
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Hyperinsulinemia Drives Diet-Induced Obesity Independently of Brain Insulin Production
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Metadata
- Authors
- De La Monte, S. M.
- Venue
- BMB Reports
- Published
- 2009-08-31
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 475-481
- ISSN
- 1976-6696 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4600067
- OpenAlex
- W1963640549
- Cited by
- 392
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 21 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 24 · 2016: 25 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 39
- FWCI
- 3.22
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- BMB Reports (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01aa011431-26)
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R01-AA011431, AA-12908, K24AA016126, AA-16126, AA11431, R56AA011431, R01AA012908, R37AA011431)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- brain insulin resistance, Alzheimer's disease, insulin-like growth factor, cognitive impairment, neurodegeneration, type 2 diabetes, obesity, liver-brain axis, ceramide, blood-brain barrier, oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, insulin signaling
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Brain, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Models, Biological, Somatomedins, Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor
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