The DOI matches its Crossref record; 54 of the 54 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Role of Speculation in Oil Markets: What Have We Learned So Far?
Open accessAbstract
A popular view is that the surge in the real price of oil during 2003-08 cannot be explained by economic fundamentals, but was caused by the increased financialization of oil futures markets, which in turn allowed speculation to become a major determinant of the spot price of oil. This interpretation has been driving policy efforts to tighten the regulation of oil derivatives markets. This survey reviews the evidence supporting this view. We identify six strands in the literature and discuss to what extent each sheds light on the role of speculation. We find that the existing evidence is not supportive of an important role of speculation in driving the spot price of oil after 2003. Instead, there is strong evidence that the co-movement between spot and futures prices reflects common economic fundamentals rather than the financialization of oil futures markets.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“the evidence in Figure 2 suggests that the distinction between normal speculation and speculation that is excessive is moot, for if there is no speculation in the physical market at all there cannot have been excessive speculation either under any definition.”
From THE ROLE OF INVENTORIES AND SPECULATIVE TRADING IN THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CRUDE OIL (2014) · cites this paper as Fattouh et al. (2013)
In the citing paper
“This implication is fully consistent with other, more direct evidence on the potential impact of financial investors on oil futures prices (seeFattouh et al., 2013).”
From THE ROLE OF INVENTORIES AND SPECULATIVE TRADING IN THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CRUDE OIL (2014) · cites this paper as Fattouh et al., 2013
Citations
Cites
Not All Oil Price Shocks Are Alike: Disentangling Demand and Supply Shocks in the Crude Oil Market
Kilian, L. (2009) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/aer.99.3.1053 · Cited by 4,708
Self-citationTHE ROLE OF INVENTORIES AND SPECULATIVE TRADING IN THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR CRUDE OIL
Kilian, L., & Murphy, D. P. (2014) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.2322 · Cited by 1,472 · cited 13×
“This possibility is not likely to be a concern for structural models such Kilian and Murphy (2013), which leave the formation of expectations unspecified, but it affects the construction of theoretical models of the formation of oil prices.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationIndex Investment and the Financialization of Commodities
Tang, K., & Xiong, W. A. (2012) · Financial Analysts Journal · doi:10.2469/faj.v68.n6.5 · Cited by 1,305
Understanding Crude Oil Prices
Hamilton, J. D. (2008) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.3386/w14492 · Cited by 1,271
Causes and Consequences of the Oil Shock of 2007–08
Hamilton, J. D. (2009) · Brookings Papers on Economic Activity · doi:10.1353/eca.0.0047 · Cited by 1,102
What do we learn from the price of crude oil futures?
Alquist, R., & Kilian, L. (2010) · Journal of Applied Econometrics · doi:10.1002/jae.1159 · Cited by 744
Self-citationSign Restrictions in Structural Vector Autoregressions: A Critical Review
Fry-McKibbin, R. A., & Pagan, A. (2011) · Journal of Economic Literature · doi:10.1257/jel.49.4.938 · Cited by 691
Evidence of a Shift in the Short-Run Price Elasticity of Gasoline Demand
Hughes, J. E., Knittel, C. R., & Sperling, D. (2008) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/issn0195-6574-ej-vol29-no1-9 · Cited by 668
Financialization, crisis and commodity correlation dynamics
Silvennoinen, A., & Thorp, S. (2013) · Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money · doi:10.1016/j.intfin.2012.11.007 · Cited by 650
Speculators, commodities and cross-market linkages
Büyükşahin, B., & Robe, M. A. (2013) · Journal of International Money and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.jimonfin.2013.08.004 · Cited by 618
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 8
- 10.5547/ISSN0195-6574-EJ-Vol30-No2-9 · DOI
- Kilian Lutz, 2009, Brookings Papers on Economic Activity 1, Spring, 2009, 267
- Peck Anne E., 1985, Futures Markets: Their Economic Role, 1
- Pirrong Craig S., 1994, Regulation, 17, 52
- Ripple Ronald (2008). “Futures Trading: What is Excessive?” Oil and Gas Journal, June 9.
- Stoll Hans R., 2010, Journal of Applied Finance, 20, 7
- Working Holbrook, 1960, Stanford University Food Research Institute Studies, 1, 185
- Yergin Daniel, 1992, The Prize
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 492
Commodities and Policy Uncertainty Channel(s)
Smimou, K., Bosch, D. D., & Filbeck, G. (2024) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2024.01.065 · Cited by 5
Aït-Youcef, C., & Joëts, M. (2024) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2024.107641 · Cited by 4
L’influence de l’activité financière sur la volatilité des prix des denrées alimentaires
Aït-Youcef, C., & Lô, G. D. (2017) · Mondes en développement · doi:10.3917/med.179.0045 · Cited by 4
Теплова, Т. В., Lysenko, V. V., & Sokolova, T. V. (2018) · Energy Systems · doi:10.1007/s12667-018-0303-y · Cited by 4
Learning in the Oil Futures Markets: Evidence and Macroeconomic Implications
Moran, K., Vigfusson, R. J., Federal Reserve Board of Governors, Leduc, S., & Francisco, F. R. B. O. S. (2020) · Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper Series · doi:10.24148/wp2020-33 · Cited by 4
Modelling gold futures: should the level of speculation inform our choice of variables?
Coyle, C. A., Gogolin, F., & Kearney, F. (2018) · European Journal of Finance · doi:10.1080/1351847x.2018.1559212 · Cited by 4
Is housing still the business cycle? Perhaps not.
Green, R. K. (2022) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781789908497.00018 · Cited by 5
Investigation of exchange market prediction model based on high-low daily data
Stankevičienė, J., Maknickienė, N., & Maknickas, A. (2014) · Business and management · doi:10.3846/bm.2014.040 · Cited by 4
Japan´s lost decade: on the development of the Japanese economy in the 1990sPreprint
Stuchlíková, Z. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 4
Assessing the Financialization HypothesisPreprint
Fattouh, B. A., & Mahadeva, Ł. (2012) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2190085 · Cited by 4
Self-citationDoes excess futures market demand affect the spot price of oil?
DeCoste, J. (2025) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108621 · Cited by 3
Financial regulatory arbitrage and the financialization of commodities
Zheng, Z., Zhang, G., & Ni, Y. (2024) · Journal of Futures Markets · doi:10.1002/fut.22493 · Cited by 3
Macroeconomic Determinants of Commodity Returns in Financialized Markets
Zaremba, A. (2014) · International Journal of Economics and Finance · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2389297 · Cited by 3
New evidence on commodity stocks
Daskalaki, C. (2021) · Journal of Futures Markets · doi:10.1002/fut.22197 · Cited by 3
BRENT AND URALS OIL PRICE CONTROL MECHANISMS
Solovieva, Y. V., Chernyaev, M. V., & Vladimirovna, N. E. (2021) · International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy · doi:10.32479/ijeep.11022 · Cited by 3
Income inequality and house prices across US states
Berisha, E., Meszaros, J., & Gupta, R. (2022) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2022.11.004 · Cited by 4
Effect of Futures Trading Restrictions on Market Efficiency: A Multifractal Analysis
Jin, Y., Wu, Y., Yu, P., & Zhang, J. (2022) · Fluctuation and Noise Letters · doi:10.1142/s0219477523500116 · Cited by 3
Noori, M. (2024) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2024.03.047 · Cited by 3
Oil Strikes Back: Trend Factors and Exchange Rates
Han, L., Xu, Y., Zhang, Q., & Zhu, X. (2018) · Journal of money credit and banking · doi:10.1111/jmcb.13146 · Cited by 3
Just, M., Kliber, A., & Echaust, K. (2025) · International Review of Financial Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.irfa.2025.104094 · Cited by 3
Wang, X., Vigne, S. A., & Huang, S. (2025) · International Review of Economics & Finance · doi:10.1016/j.iref.2025.104312 · Cited by 4
Stock Markets and Energy Prices
Basher, S. A. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-409548-9.09060-6 · Cited by 3
An empirical analysis of the correlation between large daily changes in grain and oil futures prices
Fretheim, T. (2018) · Journal of commodity markets · doi:10.1016/j.jcomm.2018.07.002 · Cited by 3
Capturing Energy Risk PremiaPreprint
Fernández-Pérez, A., Fuertes, A.-M., & Miffre, J. (2019) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2021.105460 · Cited by 5
A Stock-Flow Approach to a General Theory of PricingPreprint
Pilkington, P. C. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2366919 · Cited by 3
Heterogeneous Beliefs, Regret, and Uncertainty: The Role of Speculation in Energy Price DynamicsPreprint
Joëts, M. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2253203 · Cited by 3
Oil Prices and Informational Frictions: The Time-Varying Impact of Fundamentals and ExpectationsPreprint
Byrne, J. P., Lorusso, M., & Xu, B. L. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2988814 · Cited by 3
Financialization in Commodity MarketsPreprint
Chari, V. V., & Christiano, L. J. (2017) · doi:10.21034/sr.552 · Cited by 3
Oil price density forecasts: Exploring the linkages with stock marketsPreprint
Ravazzolo, F., & Lombardi, M. J. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 3
Understanding the Negative Pricing of the NYMEX WTI Crude Oil May 2020 Futures ContractPreprint
Fernández-Pérez, A., Fuertes, A.-M., & Miffre, J. (2020) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3748321 · Cited by 3
Asset Pricing Models and the Performance of European Energy Indices
Galyfianakis, G. (2024) · Theoretical Economics Letters · doi:10.4236/tel.2024.142022 · Cited by 2
Financialization of Commodity Markets Co‐Movement Behind‐the‐Scenes
Basu, D., & Bautheac, O. (2025) · Journal of Futures Markets · doi:10.1002/fut.70045 · Cited by 4
Dong, X., Lu, X., Jiang, Z., Su, J., & Yoon, S. (2026) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2026.102242 · Cited by 2
Energy Market Financialization and Its Policy Implications
Wu, F., Zhang, D., & Ji, Q. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6778-8_17 · Cited by 2
Does crude oil price volatility respond asymmetrically to financial shocks?
Priya, P., & Pal, D. (2024) · Resources Policy · doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2024.105029 · Cited by 2
A statistical study of the short‐ and long‐term drivers of crude oil prices
Hassani, H., Moudassir, M., Christodoulides, P., & Odulaja, A. (2017) · OPEC Energy Review · doi:10.1111/opec.12095 · Cited by 2
Yu, K., & Zhang, Y. (2021) · Complexity · doi:10.1155/2021/8883416 · Cited by 2
Trend Following Strategies in Commodity Markets and the Impact of Financialization
Neuhierl, A., & Thompson, A. (2014) · Cited by 2
Till, H. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-41596-8_9 · Cited by 2
Monopoly power with a short selling constraint
Baumann, R. W., Engelhardt, B., & Fuller, D. L. (2017) · The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance · doi:10.1016/j.qref.2017.04.002 · Cited by 2
Navigating the Oil Bubble: A Non-linear Heterogeneous-agent Dynamic Model of Futures Oil Pricing
Cifarelli, G., & Paesani, P. (2020) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.5547/01956574.42.5.gcif · Cited by 2
Wen, X., Xie, Y., & Pantelous, A. A. (2022) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2022.105915 · Cited by 2
Zardoub, A. (2024) · International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy · doi:10.32479/ijeep.15728 · Cited by 2
Li, X., Zhang, X., Wang, S., & Ma, J. (2019) · Journal of Systems Science and Complexity · doi:10.1007/s11424-019-7257-6 · Cited by 2
Rising and Volatile Food Prices: Are Index Fund Investors to Blame?Preprint
Prokopczuk, M., Symeonidis, L., & Verlaat, T. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2450397 · Cited by 2
Are Popular Narratives Regarding Recent Commodity Price Spikes Accurate?Preprint
Till, H. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2610982 · Cited by 2
Implications of financialisation for sustainabilityPreprint
Gabbi, G., & Ticci, E. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2
Ames, M., Bagnarosa, G., Peters, G. W., Shevchenko, P. V., & Matsui, T. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2840730 · Cited by 2
Informed Trading in Oil-Futures MarketPreprint
Rousse, O., & SSvi, B. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2871932 · Cited by 2
The Zero Lower Bound and Market Spillovers: Evidence from the G7 and NorwayPreprint
Kyritsis, E., & Serletis, A. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2977842 · Cited by 2
Trade Flows and Retail Investor Impacts in Commodity Futures MarketsPreprint
Ready, M. J., & Ready, R. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3164757 · Cited by 2
The housing conundrum in IndiaPreprint
Tiwari, P. K., & Shukla, J. (2020) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2
Modelling the Global Price of Oil: Is There Any Role for the Oil Futures-Spot Spread?Preprint
Valenti, D. (2018) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3149325 · Cited by 2
Big Fish: Oil Markets and SpeculationPreprint
Cologni, A., Scarpa, E., & Sitzia, F. G. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2615868 · Cited by 2
Comovement and the Financialization of CommoditiesPreprint
Bonato, M. (2015) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 2
Did the Renewable Fuel Standard Shift Market Expectations of the Price of Ethanol?Preprint
Baumeister, C. J. S., & Kilian, L. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2893037 · Cited by 2
Self-citationClosing Pressure, Predatory Trading, and the Negative Price of OilPreprint
Ge, Y., Kang, W., Tang, K., & Yang, L. (2022) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4080137 · Cited by 2
Haase, M., Zimmermann, Y. S., & Zimmermann, H. (2013) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2227757 · Cited by 2
Oil and Financialization: Another Relation
Colombini, I. (2021) · International Critical Thought · doi:10.1080/21598282.2021.1924070 · Cited by 1
China’s Overseas Oil Investments and Their Influence on Global Prices
Oka, A. (2025) · International Journal of Empirical Economics · doi:10.1142/s2810943025500088 · Cited by 1
Oil price expectations in explosive phases
Kruse, R., & Letixerant, P. (2025) · Energy Economics · doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2025.108906 · Cited by 1
Speculative Trading in Energy Markets: Evidence from Macroeconomic Surprises
Boucher, S.-P., Gagnon, M., & Power, G. J. (2025) · The Energy Journal · doi:10.1177/01956574251369707 · Cited by 1
From Housing Speculation to Bubbles: The Role of Intercity Spillovers
Hui, E. C. M., & Chiang, S. (2026) · Journal of Real Estate Research · doi:10.1080/08965803.2026.2659532 · Cited by 1
Assessment of Post-2003 Crude Oil Price Hike Through Wavelet Coherency Analysis
Kalafatcılar, M. K., & Özmen, M. U. (2015) · Central Bank Review · Cited by 1
Big Fish: Oil Markets and Speculation
Cologni, A., Scarpa, E., & Sitzia, F. G. (2015) · AgEcon Search (University of Minnesota, USA) · doi:10.22004/ag.econ.206220 · Cited by 1
Integration of Commodity Derivative Markets: Has It Gone Too Far?
Lautier, D., Ling, J., & Raynaud, F. (2015) · Fields Institute communications · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2733-3_3 · Cited by 1
Az olajár gyengülő makrogazdasági hatásai. Két versengő elmélet szintézise
Uliha, G. (2016) · Közgazdasági Szemle · doi:10.18414/ksz.2016.7-8.787 · Cited by 1
THE CHANGING COMMODITY MARKETS - WORK ON EU REGULATIONS
Żelazny, J. (2015) · Acta academica karviniensia · doi:10.25142/aak.2015.012 · Cited by 1
Efficient Crude Oil Pricing Using a Machine Learning Approach
Falode, O. A., & Udomboso, C. G. (2021) · SPE Nigeria Annual International Conference and Exhibition · doi:10.2118/207152-ms · Cited by 1
The state-dependent trading behavior of banks in the oil futures market
Bierbaumer, D., Rieth, M. H., & Velinov, A. (2021) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2021.09.031 · Cited by 1
The Russia-Ukraine conflict, crude oil prices, and electronic cryptocurrency market fluctuations
He, S. (2022) · BCP Business & Management · doi:10.54691/bcpbm.v24i.1459 · Cited by 1
Interest Rates and the Volatility and Correlation of Commodity Prices
Gruber, J. W., & Vigfusson, R. J. (2012) · International Finance Discussion Paper · doi:10.17016/ifdp.2012.1065r · Cited by 1
Oil Market Reforms and Pricing Policy Evolution in China
Wu, F., Zhang, D., & Sun, X. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-6778-8_13 · Cited by 1
Persistence in International Energy Prices 1960-2023
(2023) · Acta Montanistica Slovaca · doi:10.46544/ams.v28i2.14 · Cited by 1
Energy Prices, Sectoral Indices and Regulation
Broadstock, D. C., & Filis, G. N. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-13746-9_3 · Cited by 1
Makroekonomiczne determinanty stóp zwrotu na rynkach surowców w warunkach finansjalizacji
Zaremba, A. (2014) · Cited by 1
Chang, Y., Soon, S. J., Hanif, M. M., & Kusnadi, L. (2015) · International Journal of Global Energy Issues · doi:10.1504/ijgei.2015.070274 · Cited by 1
Distortionary effect of trading activity in NYMEX crude oil futures market: post crisis
Naderian, M. A., & Javan, A. (2017) · OPEC Energy Review · doi:10.1111/opec.12092 · Cited by 1
Degiannakis, S. A., Filis, G. N., & Tsemperlidis, S. (2018) · Applied Economics Letters · doi:10.1080/13504851.2018.1545074 · Cited by 1
Tracking spot oil: The elusive quest
Chincarini, L. B. (2019) · Journal of commodity markets · doi:10.1016/j.jcomm.2019.04.003 · Cited by 1
Focacci, A. (2021) · Studies in Economics and Finance · doi:10.1108/sef-02-2021-0062 · Cited by 1
Oladosu, G. A. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2558728 · Cited by 1
Essays on commodity futures markets
Δασκαλάκη, Χ. (2012) · doi:10.12681/eadd/31675 · Cited by 1
Inštitucionálne modely hospodárskej diplomacie - príklad Nemecka, Rakúska, Švajčiarska a SlovenskaPreprint
Kužmová, L. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Information Spillover Dynamics of the Energy Futures Market Sector: A Novel Common Factor ApproachPreprint
Kuruppuarachchi, D., & Premachandra, I. M. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2610385 · Cited by 1
Commodities, Financialization, and Heterogeneous AgentsPreprint
Branger, N., Grrning, P., & Schlag, C. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2759314 · Cited by 1
Crude Inventory Accounting and Speculation in the Physical Oil MarketPreprint
Diaz‐Rainey, I., Roberts, H., & Lont, D. H. (2016) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2814943 · Cited by 1
International Announcements and WTI Crude Oil Futures: Evidence from the 2008 Crisis PeriodPreprint
Vortelinos, D. I., & Γκίλλας, Κ. (2017) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3013740 · Cited by 1
Choice with Limited CapacityPreprint
Geng, S., & Ozbay, E. Y. (2019) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Yoshino, N., & Angrick, S. (n.d.) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Joëts, M., & Aït-Youcef, C. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4604750 · Cited by 1
Have the Causal Effects between Equities, Oil Prices, and Monetary Policy Changed Over Time?Preprint
Olson, E., Kurov, A., & Wolfe, M. H. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4573178 · Cited by 1
Comparative Analysis of Regression Models for Commodity Price PredictionPreprint
Shuvo, A. (2025) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.5248271 · Cited by 1
Súčasné a očakávané budúce trendy prílevu čínskych priamych investícií do AfrikyPreprint
Szikorová, N. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
Financialization of Commodity : the Role of Financial Investors in Commodity Markets
Isleimeyyeh, M. (2017) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/d80937ffzd09cz421fz9cb8zd6781b4a68e2 · Cited by 1
Efficiency, Risk Premiums and Information Diffusion in Futures Markets: International Evidence
Kuruppuarachchi, D. (2015) · Otago University Research Archive (University of Otago) · Cited by 1
Modeling Demand in International and Macro Economics.
Murphy, D. (2013) · Deep Blue (University of Michigan)
Vplyv subvencií na celkovú užitočnosť v malom a veľkom štáte - neoklasický grafický modelPreprint
Grančay, M. (2012) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics
Integration of Commodity Derivative Markets: Has it Gone Too Far ?Preprint
Lautier, D., Ling, J., & Raynaud, F. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2430167
Identyfikacja spekulacji na rynkach terminowych towarów rolnych
Malik, G. (2013) · Ekonometria / Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wrocławiu
Metadata
- Authors
- Fattouh, B., Kilian, L., & Mahadeva, L.
- Affiliations
- SOAS University of London (GB)
- University of Michigan (US)
- Oxford Institute for Energy Studies, 57 Woodstock Road, Oxford OX2 6FA, UK..
- Venue
- The Energy Journal
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2013-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 7-33
- ISSN
- 0195-6574 (ISSN-L)
- 1944-9089
- OpenAlex
- W2118985681
- Cited by
- 491
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 27 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 36 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 38 · 2013: 40
- FWCI
- 126.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- papers.ssrn.com
- Locations
- The Energy Journal (publishedVersion)
- SSRN Electronic Journal (submittedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Econstor (Econstor) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Market Dynamics and Volatility
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Economics of Agriculture and Food Markets
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Finance › Financial Markets and Investment Strategies
- Keywords
- oil speculation, oil futures market, financialization, oil prices, economic fundamentals
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review