Absence of Microbiota (Germ-Free Conditions) Accelerates the Atherosclerosis in ApoE-Deficient Mice Fed Standard Low Cholesterol Diet
Open accessAbstract
AIM: The aim of our work was to determine the influence of intestinal bacteria on the development of atherosclerotic lesions using apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-deficient knockout mice. METHODS: The experiments were performed on ApoE-/--deficient mouse strain C57BL/6, bred under germ-free (GF) conditions for two generations or under conventional conditions with defined microflora (CV). The mice were fed a standard low cholesterol diet or cholesterol-rich diet for 3-4 months. We studied the development of advanced lesions in the thoracic and abdominal aorta by histological, morphometric and immunohistological methods. RESULTS: Conventionally reared ApoE-/- mice (containing no pathogenic intestinal microbiota) and fed a standard low cholesterol diet in contrast to a high cholesterol diet did not develop atherosclerotic aortic plaques. In contrast, ApoE-/- mice reared under germfree conditions for 2 generations and fed a low cholesterol diet exhibited atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Characteristic lipid deposition with foam cells and macrophages was found in their arterial walls. CONCLUSION: In contrast to the absence of atherosclerotic plaques in conventionally reared ApoE-deficient mice, germ-free ApoE-/- mice consuming the same low cholesterol standard diet developed atherosclerotic plaques in the aorta. Differences in atherosclerotic plaques between GF and CV ApoE-/- mice are not so apparent when mice are fed a high cholesterol diet. Our findings thus document the protective effect of microbiota (commensal bacteria) on atherosclerosis development.
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Germ-free atherogenic mice lacking apolipoprotein E show a worsening of atherosclerotic lesions after being fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with conventionally raised mice.
“the germ-free atherogenic mice lacking apolipoprotein E (Apoe -/ ) mice, which are without the colonization of gut microbiota, show a worsening of atherosclerotic lesions after being fed a high-cholesterol diet compared with the conventionally raised mice”
From <i>Akkermansia Muciniphila</i> Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in <i>Apoe</i> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
Antibiotic therapy fails to elicit any beneficial effect on cardiovascular events in human trials.
“antibiotic therapy fails to elicit any beneficial effect on cardiovascular events in human trials.[14][15][16]”
From <i>Akkermansia Muciniphila</i> Protects Against Atherosclerosis by Preventing Metabolic Endotoxemia-Induced Inflammation in <i>Apoe</i> <sup>−/−</sup> Mice (2016) · cites this paper as [14]
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“revealed increased atherosclerosis accompanied by elevations in serum cholesterol in germ-free compared to conventionally-raised ApoE / mice [53,54].”
BackgroundGut Microbiota and Atherosclerosis
Li, D. Y., & Tang, W. H. W. (2017) · Current Atherosclerosis Reports · doi:10.1007/s11883-017-0675-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Anto, L., & Blesso, C. N. (2022) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.108991 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Org, E., Mehrabian, M., & Lusis, A. J. (2015) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.05.035 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Recently, however, Stepankova and colleagues [25] confirmed these findings in mice fed a Western diet, but observed increased atherosclerosis in germ-free Apoe /e mice consuming a standard diet when”
Matziouridou, C., Marungruang, N., Nguyen, T. D., NYMAN, M. E., & Fåk, F. (2016) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201500738 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The heart-gut axis: new target for atherosclerosis and congestive heart failure therapy
Forkosh, E., & Ilan, Y. (2019) · Open Heart · doi:10.1136/openhrt-2018-000993 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“15 Using a low cholesterol diet in the Apoe mouse model, a group raised in germ-free conditions showed a greater development of atherosclerotic plaques than controls did.(16)”
MethodChen, L., Liu, W., Li, Y., Luo, S., Liu, Q., Zhong, Y., Jian, Z., & Bao, M. (2013) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2013.05.018 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Amelioration of TMAO through probiotics and its potential role in atherosclerosis
Din, A. U., Hassan, A., Zhu, Y. S., Yin, T., Gregersen, H. N., & Wang, G. (2019) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-019-10142-4 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“It is obvious that probiotics work as athero-protective microbes (Stepankova et al. 2010; Zhu et al. 2019) through balancing and modulation of gut microbial diversity, assistance, and participation in various beneficial biochemical pathways associated with gut microbiota.”
BackgroundSea buckthorn seed oil reduces blood cholesterol and modulates gut microbiota
Hao, W., He, Z., Zhu, H., Liu, J., Kwek, E., Zhao, Y., Ma, K. Y., He, W., & Chen, Z. (2019) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c9fo01232j · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The central role of the gut in intensive care
Corriero, A., Gadaleta, R. M., Puntillo, F., Inchingolo, F., Moschetta, A., & Brienza, N. (2022) · Critical Care · doi:10.1186/s13054-022-04259-8 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“In fact, GF ApoE-deficient mice fed a lowcholesterol diet have more atherosclerosis plaques than conventionally raised mice [62].”
BackgroundAge-Related Topographical Metabolic Signatures for the Rat Gastrointestinal Contents
Tian, Y., Zhang, L., Wang, Y., & Tang, H. (2011) · Journal of Proteome Research · doi:10.1021/pr2011507 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Rogers, G. B., Kozlowska, J., Keeble, J. E., Metcalfe, K., Fao, M., Dowd, S. E., Mason, A. J., McGuckin, M. A., & Bruce, K. D. (2014) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep05437 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
The Microbiota Promotes Arterial Thrombosis in Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor-Deficient Mice
Kiouptsi, K., Jäckel, S., Pontarollo, G., Grill, A., Kuijpers, M. J. E., Wilms, E., Weber, C., Sommer, F., Nagy, M., Neideck, C., et al. (2019) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.02298-19 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…levels in GF Ldlr (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice relative to CONV-R Ldlr (cid:2) / (cid:2) mice fed CD are in accordance with a number of reports on increased free cholesterol levels, as well as an increase in the concentration of cholesterol esters in GF Apoe (cid:2) / (cid:2) C57BL/6J mice (7, 28, 41).”
InfluentialHassan, A., Din, A. U., Zhu, Y. S., Zhang, K., Li, T., Wang, Y., Xu, S.-C., Lei, H., Yu, X., & Wang, G. (2020) · Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology · doi:10.1007/s00253-020-10693-x · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“In the past decade, the influence of high-fat diet on gut microbial diversity in human clinical animal studies has been well documented (Jie et al. 2017; Stepankova et al. 2010).”
BackgroundHuman Microbiome: When a Friend Becomes an Enemy
Muszer, M., Noszczyńska, M., Kasperkiewicz, K., & Skurnik, M. (2015) · Archivum Immunologiae et Therapiae Experimentalis · doi:10.1007/s00005-015-0332-3 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Differences in atherosclerotic plaques are not as apparent when mice are fed a high-fat diet that is supplemented with cholesterol (Stepankova et al. 2010).”
BackgroundEffects of NS lactobacillus strains on lipid metabolism of rats fed a high-cholesterol diet
Hu, X., Wang, T., Li, W., Jin, F., & Wang, L. (2013) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-12-67 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“found that the absence of microbiota (germ-free conditions) accelerated the atherosclerosis in ApoE-deficient mice fed standard low cholesterol diet [5].”
BackgroundTargeting Trimethylamine N-Oxide: A New Therapeutic Strategy for Alleviating Atherosclerosis
Jing, L., Zhang, H., Xiang, Q., Shen, L., Guo, X., Zhai, C., & Hu, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2022.864600 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Some animal model studies have established no difference in atherosclerotic lesion size between specific pathogen-free (conventionally raised, CONV-R) and germ-free (GF) mice on a high-fat diet (HFD) (14, 18), while others have noted bigger atherosclerotic lesion sizes in GF mice than in CONV-R mice on chow (18, 19).”
BackgroundMahdavi‐Roshan, M., Salari, A., Kheirkhah, J., & Ghorbani, Z. (2022) · Heart Lung and Circulation · doi:10.1016/j.hlc.2021.09.006 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Yamashita, T., Kasahara, K., Emoto, T., Matsumoto, T., Mizoguchi, T., Kitano, N., Sasaki, N., & Hirata, K. (2015) · Circulation Journal · doi:10.1253/circj.cj-15-0526 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Gut microbiome as a novel cardiovascular therapeutic target
Singh, V., Yeoh, B. S., & Vijay–Kumar, M. (2016) · Current Opinion in Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.coph.2016.01.002 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Current Opinion in Pharmacology 2016, 27:8–12 conditions develop severe atherosclerosis compared to their conventionally-housed counterparts [51], suggesting that microbiota or their metabolites also mediate protective effects against CVD in a manner akin to a double-edged sword.”
BackgroundSun, N., Tong, L., Liang, T., Wang, L., Liu, L., Zhou, X., & Zhou, S. (2019) · Journal of Oleo Science · doi:10.5650/jos.ess18221 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Microbiota prevents cholesterol loss from the body by regulating host gene expression in mice
Zhong, C., Sun, W., Ma, Y., Zhu, H., Yang, P., Wei, H., Zeng, B., Zhang, Q., Liu, Y., Li, W., et al. (2015) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep10512 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“%) cholesterol-containing diet 50 .”
Intestinal Immunity and Gut Microbiota in Atherogenesis
Yamashita, T. (2016) · Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis · doi:10.5551/jat.38265 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Acceleration of atherogenesis in ApoE−/− mice exposed to acute or low-dose-rate ionizing radiation
Mancuso, M., Pasquali, E., Braga-Tanaka, I., Tanaka, S., Pannicelli, A., Giardullo, P., Pazzaglia, S., Tapio, S., Atkinson, M. J., & Saran, A. (2015) · Oncotarget · doi:10.18632/oncotarget.5075 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
“com/oncotarget atherosclerosis [14].”
Unraveling Host-Gut Microbiota Dialogue and Its Impact on Cholesterol Levels
Villette, R., Pukar, K. C., Béliard, S., Salas-Tapia, M. F., Rainteau, D. P., Guérin, M., & Lesnik, P. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.00278 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Farnesoid X Receptor Agonists as Therapeutic Target for Cardiometabolic Diseases
Li, C., Yang, J., Wang, Y., Qi, Y., Yang, W., & Li, Y. (2020) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2020.01247 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Antibiotic-induced gut microbiota depletion exacerbates host hypercholesterolemia
Kappel, B. A., Angelis, L. D., Puetz, A., Ballanti, M., Menghini, R., Marx, N., & Federici, M. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106570 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Microbial Metabolism in Early Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease
Gabriel, C. L., & Ferguson, J. F. (2023) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.123.322055 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Li, W., Luehmann, H. P., Hsiao, H.-M., Tanaka, S., Higashikubo, R., Gauthier, J. M., Sultan, D. H., Lavine, K. J., Brody, S. L., Gelman, A. E., et al. (2018) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.117.310517 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Gut microbiota: a promising target against cardiometabolic diseases
Warmbrunn, M. V., Herrema, H., Aron‐Wisnewsky, J., Soeters, M. R., van Raalte, D. H., & Nieuwdorp, M. (2020) · Expert Review of Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1080/17446651.2020.1720511 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Diagnostics and therapeutic implications of gut microbiota alterations in cardiometabolic diseases
Schiattarella, G. G., Sannino, A., Esposito, G., & Perrino, C. (2018) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2018.08.003 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Intestinal Microbiota in Animal Models of Inflammatory Diseases
Hörmannsperger, G., Schaubeck, M., & Haller, D. (2015) · ILAR Journal · doi:10.1093/ilar/ilv019 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Antibiotic Treatment Protocols and Germ-Free Mouse Models in Vascular Research
Bayer, F., Ascher, S., Pontarollo, G., & Reinhardt, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.02174 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“reported increased atherosclerotic lesion sizes in the thoracic aortas of GF Apoe-deficient mice after feeding with a low cholesterol diet for 3–4 months (3, 21).”
BackgroundLactobacillus mucosae DPC 6426 as a bile-modifying and immunomodulatory microbe
Ryan, P. M., Stolte, E. H., London, L. E. E., Wells, J. M., Long, S. L., Joyce, S. A., Gahan, C. G. M., Fitzgerald, G. F., Ross, R. P., Caplice, N. M., et al. (2019) · BMC Microbiology · doi:10.1186/s12866-019-1403-0 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Contribution of the commensal microbiota to atherosclerosis and arterial thrombosis
Kiouptsi, K., & Reinhardt, C. (2018) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1111/bph.14483 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“However, a previous study has reported that germ-free ApoEdeficient mice that were fed a diet that lacked cholesterol had a significantly reduced vessel lumen and an increased volume of the atherosclerotic plaque in the thoracic aorta, compared with conventionally raised ApoE-deficient mice on the same diet (Stepankov…”
BackgroundXiao, L., Huang, L., Zhou, X., Zhao, D., Wang, Y., Min, H., Song, S., Sun, W., Gao, Q., Hu, Q., et al. (2022) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.820535 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Roessler, J., Leistner, D. M., Landmesser, U., & Haghikia, A. (2022) · Atherosclerosis · doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.08.018 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Saita, D., Ferrarese, R., Foglieni, C., Esposito, A., Canu, T., Perani, L., Ceresola, E. R., Visconti, L. M., Burioni, R., Clementi, M., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep29353 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Chitin–glucan and pomegranate polyphenols improve endothelial dysfunction
Neyrinck, A. M., Catry, É., Taminiau, B., Cani, P. D., Bindels, L. B., Daube, G., Dessy, C., & Delzenne, N. M. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-50700-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
LDL delivery of microbial small RNAs drives atherosclerosis through macrophage TLR8
Allen, R. M., Michell, D., Cavnar, A. B., Zhu, W.-Y., Makhijani, N., Contreras, D. M., Raby, C. A., Semler, E. M., DeJulius, C. R., Castleberry, M., et al. (2021) · Nature Cell Biology · doi:10.1038/s41556-022-01030-7 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Thumu, S. C. R., & Halami, P. M. (2019) · Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture · doi:10.1002/jsfa.10071 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Mutual Interplay of Host Immune System and Gut Microbiota in the Immunopathology of Atherosclerosis
Yeh, C., Chen, Y.-H., Liu, S.-F., Kao, H., Wu, M., Yang, K., & Wu, W. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms21228729 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in the Prevention and Treatment of Lipid Metabolism Disorders
He, Y.-J., & You, C. (2020) · International Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1155/2020/8601796 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“[69] found that germ-free (GF) conditions accelerated the development of atherosclerosis in Apo-E-deficient mice fed a low-cholesterol diet.”
BackgroundKRIT1 Deficiency Promotes Aortic Endothelial Dysfunction
Sega, F. V. D., Mastrocola, R., Aquila, G., Fortini, F., Fornelli, C., Zotta, A., Cento, A. S., Perrelli, A., Boda, E., Pannuti, A., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194930 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Furthermore, whereas we have recently reported that KRIT1 loss-of-function results in the sustained upregulation of adaptive redox homeostasis mechanisms that counteract endogenous oxidative stress but sensitize cells to exogenous oxidative and inflammatory challenges [20,26], there is evidence that even established m…”
BackgroundTwo faces of microbiota in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases: triggers and drugs
Kverka, M., & Tlaskalová‐Hogenová, H. (2012) · Apmis · doi:10.1111/apm.12007 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“On the other hand, the atherosclerosis in atherosclerosis-prone experimental animals (Apo-E deficient mice) is accelerated in germfree conditions, even if the mice are kept on standard low cholesterol diet (173).”
BackgroundThe Gut Microbiota in Cardiovascular Disease and Arterial Thrombosis
Lässiger-Herfurth, A., Pontarollo, G., Grill, A., & Reinhardt, C. (2019) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms7120691 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“(B) GF Apoe-deficient mice on a chow-diet developed an increased lesion size compared to CONV-R Apoe-deficient mice and the gut microbiota had a cholesterol-lowering function under chow-diet conditions [9,10,14,15].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAtherosclerosis and Inflammatory Bowel Disease—Shared Pathogenesis and Implications for Treatment
Kamperidis, N., Kamperidis, V., Zegkos, T., Kostourou, I., Nikolaidou, O., Arebi, N., & Karvounis, H. I. (2020) · Angiology · doi:10.1177/0003319720974552 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Functional food addressing heart health: do we have to target the gut microbiota?
Ryan, P. M., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., Caplice, N. M., & Stanton, C. (2015) · Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care · doi:10.1097/mco.0000000000000224 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Ho, K. J., Ramirez, J. L., Kulkarni, R. N., Harris, K. G., Helenowski, I., Xiong, L., Ozaki, C. K., & Grenon, S. M. (2022) · Microorganisms · doi:10.3390/microorganisms10102065 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Germ-free mice with a genetic predisposition for atherosclerosis (apolipoprotein E deficiency) that were fed a low fat diet had less atherosclerotic plaques compared to conventionally-raised mice [1]; microbial producers of butyrate, a short-chain fatty acid, have a protective effect against atherosclerosis [2]; and t…”
BackgroundLi, D., Li, X., Zhang, X., Chen, J., Wang, Z., Yu, Z., Wu, M., & Liu, L. (2024) · Chinese Medicine · doi:10.1186/s13020-024-00981-3 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“Accumulating evidence reveals that the gut microbiota and its metabolites mediate protective effects against cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, atherosclerosis, and hypertension [131, 132], through a phenomenon commonly referred to as the “heart-gut axis” [133].”
BackgroundShinohara, R., Nakashima, H., Emoto, T., Yamashita, T., Saito, Y., Yoshida, N., Inoue, T., Yamanaka, K., Okada, K., & Hirata, K. (2022) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/hypertensionaha.122.19422 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Gut microbiome: A possible common therapeutic target for treatment of atherosclerosis and cancer
Wu, W., Ivanova, E. A., & Orekhov, A. N. (2020) · Seminars in Cancer Biology · doi:10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.06.017 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Gut microbiota in coronary artery disease: a friend or foe?
Zhang, B., Wang, X., Ran, X., & Li, C. (2020) · Bioscience Reports · doi:10.1042/bsr20200454 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Yang, Y., Karampoor, S., Mirzaei, R., Бороздкин, Л. Л., & Zhu, P. (2023) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110546 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Liu, S., Bennett, D. C., Tun, H. M., Kim, J.-E., Cheng, K. M., Zhang, H., & Leung, F. C.-C. (2015) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2015.01092 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Atherosclerosis severity is not affected by a deficiency in IL‐33/ST2 signaling
Martin, P., Palmer, G., Rodriguez, E., Woldt, E., Méan, I., James, R. W., Smith, D. E., Kwak, B. R., & Gabay, C. (2015) · Immunity Inflammation and Disease · doi:10.1002/iid3.62 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Diet, Microbes, and Murine Atherosclerosis
Getz, G. S., & Reardon, C. A. (2018) · Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology · doi:10.1161/atvbaha.118.311513 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“Accelerated atherosclerosis in germ-free mice has been noted.(8) The higher level of atherosclerosis in germ-free mice suggests that some component(s) of the conventionally raised mice may afford protection against the development of atherosclerosis.”
BackgroundBicyclol Alleviates Atherosclerosis by Manipulating Gut Microbiota
Li, X., Cui, J., Zheng, W., Zhang, J., Li, R., Ma, X., Lin, M., Guo, H., Li, C., Yu, X.-Y., et al. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202105021 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kiouptsi, K., Pontarollo, G., Todorov, H., Braun, J., Jäckel, S., Koeck, T., Bayer, F., Karwot, C., Karpi, A., Gerber, S., et al. (2020) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2020.1767463 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“Therefore, previous experimental studies, investigating the effect of microbiota on atherosclerotic lesion development, have used age-matched animals.(1,4,6) In contrast, our study included mice of varying age at the start of HFD.”
ResultZhou, Z., Sun, L., Zhou, W., Gao, W., Yuan, X., Zhou, H., Ren, Y., Li, B., Wu, Y., & She, J. (2025) · Liver Research · doi:10.1016/j.livres.2025.02.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota and Heart, Vascular Injury
Zeng, C., & Tan, H. (2020) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2385-4_8 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
The human gut microbiome – a new and exciting avenue in cardiovascular drug discovery
Du, Y., Li, X., Su, C., Wang, L., Jiang, J., & Hong, B. (2019) · Expert Opinion on Drug Discovery · doi:10.1080/17460441.2019.1638909 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“progression of atherosclerotic lesions [16].”
Li, R., Jie, Z., Feng, Q., Fang, R., Li, F., Gao, Y., Xia, H., Zhong, H., Tong, B., Xu, J., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.708088 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“Although the commensal microbiota composition has emerged as a risk factor for cardiometabolic disease (Schroeder and Bäckhed, 2016), it remains controversial how the gut metagenome contributes to the development of atherosclerosis (Wright et al., 2000; Stepankova et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2011; Li et al., 2016) and…”
BackgroundMicrobiome and Cardiovascular Disease
Herrema, H., Nieuwdorp, M., & Groen, A. K. (2020) · Handbook of experimental pharmacology · doi:10.1007/164_2020_356 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Mehta, V., Nagu, P., Inbaraj, B. S., Sharma, M., Parashar, A., & Sridhar, K. (2022) · Bioengineering · doi:10.3390/bioengineering9120798 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of metabolic diseases
Węgielska, I., & Suliburska, J. (2016) · Acta Scientiarum Polonorum Technologia Alimentaria · doi:10.17306/j.afs.2016.2.20 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Relationships Among Gut Microbiota, Ischemic Stroke and Its Risk Factors: Based on Research Evidence
Huang, Q., Cai, G., Liu, T., & Liu, Z. (2022) · International Journal of General Medicine · doi:10.2147/ijgm.s353276 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Moreover, studies show that gut microbiota dysbiosis leads to progression of atherosclerosis.(70,71)”
Background
- Authors
- Stepankova, R., Tonar, Z., Bartova, J., Nedorost, L., Rossman, P., Poledne, R., Schwarzer, M., & Tlaskalova-Hogenova, H.
- Affiliations
- Czech Academy of Sciences (CZ)
- Institute of Clinical and Experimental Medicine (CZ)
- Venue
- Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis
- Publisher
- Japan Atherosclerosis Society
- Published
- 2010
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 8
- Pages
- 796-804
- ISSN
- 1340-3478 (ISSN-L)
- 1880-3873
- OpenAlex
- W1975467853
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 1.79
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-sa
- Locations
- Journal of Atherosclerosis and Thrombosis (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- ASEP (submittedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- Akademie Věd České Republiky (AV0Z 50200510)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Atherosclerosis and Cardiovascular Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, germ-free mice, atherosclerosis, apolipoprotein E deficiency, cholesterol-lowering diet, high-cholesterol diet, aortic plaque, foam cells, macrophages, commensal bacteria, atheroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Aorta, Abdominal, Aorta, Thoracic, Apolipoproteins E, Cholesterol, Cholesterol, Dietary, Disease Models, Animal, Female, Germ-Free Life, Intestinal Mucosa, Male, Mice, Inbred C57BL, RNA, Messenger, Blotting, Western, Mice, Knockout, Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction, Atherosclerosis, Mice, Metagenome
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