The 2023 report of theMJA–Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: sustainability needed in Australia's health care sector
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Summary: The MJA–Lancet Countdown on health and climate change in Australia was established in 2017 and produced its first national assessment in 2018 and annual updates in 2019, 2020, 2021 and 2022. It examines five broad domains: health hazards, exposures and impacts; adaptation, planning and resilience for health; mitigation actions and health co‐benefits; economics and finance; and public and political engagement. In this, the sixth report of the MJA–Lancet Countdown, we track progress on an extensive suite of indicators across these five domains, accessing and presenting the latest data and further refining and developing our analyses. Our results highlight the health and economic costs of inaction on health and climate change. A series of major flood events across the four eastern states of Australia in 2022 was the main contributor to insured losses from climate‐related catastrophes of $7.168 billion — the highest amount on record. The floods also directly caused 23 deaths and resulted in the displacement of tens of thousands of people. High red meat and processed meat consumption and insufficient consumption of fruit and vegetables accounted for about half of the 87 166 diet‐related deaths in Australia in 2021. Correction of this imbalance would both save lives and reduce the heavy carbon footprint associated with meat production. We find signs of progress on health and climate change. Importantly, the Australian Government released Australia's first National Health and Climate Strategy, and the Government of Western Australia is preparing a Health Sector Adaptation Plan. We also find increasing action on, and engagement with, health and climate change at a community level, with the number of electric vehicle sales almost doubling in 2022 compared with 2021, and with a 65% increase in coverage of health and climate change in the media in 2022 compared with 2021. Overall, the urgency of substantial enhancements in Australia's mitigation and adaptation responses to the enormous health and climate change challenge cannot be overstated. Australia's energy system, and its health care sector, currently emit an unreasonable and unjust proportion of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. As the Lancet Countdown enters its second and most critical phase in the leadup to 2030, the depth and breadth of our assessment of health and climate change will be augmented to increasingly examine Australia in its regional context, and to better measure and track key issues in Australia such as mental health and Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander health and wellbeing.
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Drought, poor land management, and increased wildfire-burned areas are increasing the risk of sand and dust storms.
“Drought, poor land management, and increased wildfire-burned areas are increasing the risk of sand and dust storms.3,22”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
Global mean sea level increased by 0.20 m between 1901 and 2018 and is projected to rise 0.28-1.88 m by 2100 relative to 1995-2014 levels.
“Global mean sea level increased by 0·20 m between 1901 and 2018 and is projected to rise 0·28–1·88 m by 2100 (relative to 1995–2014 levels), with major local variations.22,226”
From The 2024 report of the Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: facing record-breaking threats from delayed action (2024) · cites this paper as [22]
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Heenan, M., Rychetnik, L., Howse, E., Beggs, P. J., Weeramanthri, T. S., Armstrong, F., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.51857 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationTran, Q. A., Le, V. T. H., Ngo, V. T., Le, T. H., Phung, D. T., Berman, J. D., & Nguyen, H. L. T. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.903623 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationPhuong, L. T. D., Hanh, T. T. T., & Nam, V. S. (2016) · AIMS Public Health · doi:10.3934/publichealth.2016.4.769 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Nguyen, Q. A., Miller, F. P., Bowen, K., & Sinh, B. T. (2016) · Climate and Development · doi:10.1080/17565529.2016.1146118 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Ngo, H. K. T., Luong, L. M. T., Le, H. H. T. C., Đăng, T. N., Pham, A. L., Phung, D. T., & Thai, P. K. (2021) · International Journal of Biometeorology · doi:10.1007/s00484-021-02104-1 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationEnvironmental sustainability of health systems: time to act
Kluge, H. H. P., Forman, R., Muscat, N. A., Berdzuli, N., & Mossialos, E. A. (2023) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(23)00730-4 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Prevalence of Heat-related Illnesses and Associated Factors among Rice Farmers in Vietnam
Tran, N. Q. L., Nghiem, S. H., Chu, C. M.-Y., Luong, M. A., Ho, T. T., & Phung, D. T. (2022) · Journal of Agromedicine · doi:10.1080/1059924x.2022.2154086 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citationLansbury, N., Redmond, A. M., & Nona, F. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192416574 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Truong, P. N., Nguyễn, T. V., Nguyễn, T. T. T., & Stein, A. (2019) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-019-7281-4 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Dao, A. T. M., Hoat, L. N., Son, D. T., Toàn, Đ. T. T., Minh, L. N., Mai, P. V., & Minh, H. V. (2020) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2020/7494906 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Superheated storms: climate drivers, health effects and responses
Woodward, A. J., Jones, R., & Macmillan, A. K. (2023) · New Zealand Medical Journal · doi:10.26635/6965.e1573 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationRelationship between flood severity and risk of hospitalisation in the Mekong River Delta of Vietnam
Phung, D. T., Warren, J. L., Chu, C. M.-Y., & Dubrow, R. (2021) · Occupational and Environmental Medicine · doi:10.1136/oemed-2021-107768 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationSocial Considerations: Health, Economics, and Risk Communication
McCaffrey, S., Rappold, A. G., Hano, M. C., Navarro, K. M., Phillips, T. F., Prestemon, J. P., Vaidyanathan, A., Abt, K. L., Reid, C. E., & Sacks, J. D. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87045-4_7 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Hot spot detection and spatio-temporal dispersion of dengue fever in Hanoi, Vietnam
Toàn, Đ. T. T., Hu, W., Thái, P. Q., Hoat, L. N., Wright, P. E., & Martens, P. (2013) · Global Health Action · doi:10.3402/gha.v6i0.18632 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Australia 2023 Energy Policy Review
International Energy Agency (2023) · IEA energy policy reviews · doi:10.1787/ebff8fca-en · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Beggs, P. J., & Zhang, Y. (2023) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.52152 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Nature of Climate-Related Disasters in Australia
Steffen, W. (2022) · Disaster risk, resilience, reconstruction and recovery · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-2428-6_4 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
5 of the 105 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Romanello, M., Walawender, M., Hsu, S.-C., Moskeland, A., Palmeiro-Silva, Y., Scamman, D., Ali, Z., Ameli, N., Angelova, D., Ayeb-Karlsson, S., et al. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01822-1 · Cited by 897 · see citing works
Self-citationPalmeiro-Silva, Y. K., Rivera, F., & Hartinger, S. M. (2025) · International Journal of Disaster Risk Science · doi:10.1007/s13753-024-00610-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Palmeiro-Silva, Y. K., Aravena, R. I., Gana, J. I., Tapia, R. G., & Kelman, I. (2024) · The Lancet Regional Health - Americas · doi:10.1016/j.lana.2024.100854 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Beggs, P. J., Woodward, A. J., Trueck, S., Linnenluecke, M. K., Bambrick, H., Capon, A. G., Lokmic‐Tomkins, Z., Peel, J., Bowen, K., Hanigan, I., et al. (2025) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.52616 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationPimenta, A., & Kamruzzaman, M. (2024) · Journal of Environmental Management · doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.122419 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Blood under pressure: how climate change threatens blood safety and supply chains
Viennet, E., Dean, M. M., Kircher, J., Leder, K. S., Guo, Y., Jones, P., & Faddy, H. M. (2025) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/s2542-5196(25)00051-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Climate change and cardiovascular health: Recent updates and actions for healthcare
Malhi, J. K., McEvoy, J. W., Blumenthal, R. S., & Jacobsen, A. P. (2024) · American Heart Journal Plus Cardiology Research and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.ahjo.2024.100443 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Vyas, A., Wyns, A., Beggs, P. J., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/ad60e1 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationInterventions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions from health-system solid waste: a systematic review
McGushin, A., Okokon, E. O., Haddock, R., O’Brien, A. T., Turner, M. R., McGain, F., McGinley, C., Wyns, A., Vardoulakis, S., & Skellern, M. (2026) · The Lancet Planetary Health · doi:10.1016/j.lanplh.2025.101418 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, Z., Xu, R., Yang, Z., Huang, W., Muray, S., Guo, Y., & Li, S. (2025) · Environment International · doi:10.1016/j.envint.2025.109747 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Dousing the burning inequity of global warming for people experiencing homelessness
English, T., Hernández, A. V., Miller, G. H., Fogarty, N., Cosgrove, C., Rosenthal, P., Larkin, M., Swain, J., Austin, D., & River, J. (2025) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.70090 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Lancet Countdown on health and climate change: representation matters – Authors' reply
Romanello, M. B., Beggs, P. J., Cai, W., Gordon-Strachan, G. M., Hartinger, S. M., Murray, K. A., & Tonne, C. C. (2024) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(24)01915-9 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationStewart, S., Patel, S. K., Lancefield, T. F., Rodrigues, T. S., Doumtsis, N., Moini, N., Harley, A., Vaughan‐Fowler, E., Chan, Y., Chen, A., et al. (2025) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.52699 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Es, S. L. V. (2025) · Pathology · doi:10.1016/j.pathol.2025.02.002 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Healthcare Costs and Carbon Emissions of Stage III Melanoma Surveillance Imaging
Williams, J. T. W., Dieng, M., Bell, K., McAlister, S., & Morton, R. L. (2025) · Applied Health Economics and Health Policy · doi:10.1007/s40258-025-00998-1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Toward climate resilience in Israel’s healthcare system: decision-makers' perspectives
Lador, I., Negev, M., Rosenthal, A., & Shapira, S. (2025) · Israel Journal of Health Policy Research · doi:10.1186/s13584-025-00729-w · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Engaging Young People in Action on Climate as a Public Health Issue
Arnot, G., Pitt, H., McCarthy, S., & Thomas, S. L. (2025) · Journal of Applied Youth Studies · doi:10.1007/s43151-024-00155-w · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Colagiuri, P., Williams, J. H., Beggs, P. J., & Zhang, Y. (2025) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.52610 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationBeggs, P. J., Woodward, A. J., & Bowen, K. (2025) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.70006 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationAgriculture 4.0 as a way forward to sustainable agriculture in Australia
Khan, F. S. A. (2025) · JSFA reports · doi:10.1002/jsf2.70014 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Addressing the overlooked frontier in AMR research and surveillance
Thakur, R., Dhar, H., Wozniak, T. M., & Mathew, S. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1625515 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Australian Research on Climate Change and Health Interventions: A Systematic Mapping Review
Vardoulakis, S., Kazda, L., Haddock, R., Barratt, A. L., McGain, F., Wangdi, K., Okokon, E. O., Oyarce, D. A. E., Indu, G., Goodman, N. B., et al. (2026) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.70165 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Self-citationPalutikof, J. P., Tonmoy, F., Boulter, S., Schneider, P., & Albarracin, R. (2024) · Climate Risk Management · doi:10.1016/j.crm.2024.100644 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Palutikof, J. P., Tonmoy, F., Boulter, S., Schneider, P., & Albarracin, R. (2024) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4816629
Getting to the ‘Heart’ of Climate Change
Stewart, S. (2024) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73106-8_2
Future Proofing Our Hearts to Climate Change
Stewart, S. (2024) · Sustainable development goals series · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-73106-8_9
Mahadik, R. V., Pawar, A. S., Navalgund, D. I., Desai, S. V., Ayarekar, D. S., & Yadav, J. (2025) · Enterprise Development and Microfinance · doi:10.3362/1755-1986.25-00011
Vasanthan, Desai, L. R., Waghmare, G., Jadhav, K. D., Tandon, N., & Baburao, M. (2025) · Enterprise Development and Microfinance · doi:10.3362/1755-1986.25-00005
Hookoom, K., Titus, T., Peterson, E., McLean, M., & Rahman, K. M. (2026) · Reviews on Environmental Health · doi:10.1515/reveh-2025-0126
Naresh, A., McGrath, R., Joury, E., Bettiol, S. S., Funubo, S., Ram, A., Dahlan, Z., Ravunawa, P., Iroga, P., Kade, F., et al. (2026) · Frontiers in Dental Medicine · doi:10.3389/fdmed.2026.1962649
Beggs, P. J., Singh, T., Bambrick, H., Arriagada, N. B., Bowen, K., Anthony Capon, G., Colagiuri, P., Crandon, T., Cross, T. J., Dimer, L., et al. (2026) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/mja2.70315
Self-citation
- Authors
- Beggs, P. J., Trueck, S., Linnenluecke, M. K., Bambrick, H., Capon, A. G., Hanigan, I. C., Arriagada, N. B., Cross, T. J., Friel, S., Green, D., Heenan, M., Jay, O., Kennard, H., Malik, A., McMichael, C., Stevenson, M., Vardoulakis, S., Dang, T. N., Garvey, G., Lovett, R., Matthews, V., Phung, D., Woodward, A. J., Romanello, M. B., & Zhang, Y.
- Affiliations
- Macquarie University (AU)
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Australian National University (AU)
- Monash University (AU)
- Curtin University (AU)
- University of Tasmania (AU)
- The University of Sydney (AU)
- UNSW Sydney (AU)
- Sax Institute (AU)
- Center on Global Energy Policy (US)
- The University of Melbourne (AU)
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam
- The University of Queensland (AU)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Beggs, Paul J
- ORCID
- Beggs, Paul J
- Trueck, Stefan
- Linnenluecke, Martina K
- Bambrick, Hilary
- Capon, Anthony G
- Hanigan, Ivan C
- Arriagada, Nicolas Borchers
- Cross, Troy J
- Friel, Sharon
- Green, Donna
- Heenan, Maddie
- Jay, Ollie
- Kennard, Harry
- Malik, Arunima
- McMichael, Celia
- Stevenson, Mark
- Vardoulakis, Sotiris
- Garvey, Gail
- Lovett, Raymond
- Matthews, Veronica
- Phung, Dung
- Woodward, Alistair J
- Romanello, Marina B
- Zhang, Ying
- Venue
- Medical Journal of Australia
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2024-03-24
- Volume
- 220
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 282-303
- ISSN
- 0025-729X (ISSN-L)
- 1326-5377
- OpenAlex
- W4393122913
- Cited by
- 31
- References
- 105
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 10
- FWCI
- 5.48
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- The Medical Journal of Australia (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Monash University Research Portal (Monash University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Research Online (University of Wollongong) (submittedVersion)
- Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Griffith Research Online (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Funders
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration (80NSSC21K0507)
- Emory University
- University College London
- Macquarie University
- Nuclear Safety and Security Commission
- National Health and Medical Research Council (2008937)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Climate Change and Health Impacts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Climate Change Communication and Perception
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Climate Change Policy and Economics
- Keywords
- climate change and health, health system sustainability, health and climate change, climate change adaptation, climate change mitigation, health co-benefits, red meat consumption, electric vehicle adoption, media coverage of climate change, Australia
- MeSH terms
- Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples, Australia, Health Planning, Humans, Mental Health, Health Care Sector, Climate Change
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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