The DOI matches its Crossref record; 24 of the 24 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Democracy's fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring
Open accessAbstract
Did digital media really "cause" the Arab Spring, or is it an important factor of the story behind what might become democracy's fourth wave? An unlikely network of citizens used digital media to start a cascade of social protest that ultimately toppled four of the world's most entrenched dictators. Howard and Hussain find that the complex causal recipe includes several economic, political and cultural factors, but that digital media is consistently one of the most important sufficient and necessary conditions for explaining both the fragility of regimes and the success of social movements. This book looks at not only the unexpected evolution of events during the Arab Spring, but the deeper history of creative digital activism throughout the region.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism
Sweet, S. S. (1984) · Telos · doi:10.3817/0684060227 · Cited by 11,054
THE LOGIC OF CONNECTIVE ACTION: Digital media and the personalization of contentious politics
Bennett, W. L., & Segerberg, A. (2012) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2012.670661 · Cited by 3,116
Political Process and the Development of Black Insurgency, 1930-1970
Wolters, R., & McAdam, D. (1983) · The Journal of American History · doi:10.2307/1900286 · Cited by 2,816
Social Media and the Decision to Participate in Political Protest: Observations From Tahrir Square
Tufekci, Z., & Wilson, C. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01629.x · Cited by 1,532
Rethinking Civil Society: Toward Democratic Consolidation
Diamond, L. (1994) · Journal of Democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.1994.0041 · Cited by 1,193
Designing social inquiry: scientific inference in qualitative research
(1994) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.32-1595 · Cited by 962
Protest in an Information Society: a review of literature on social movements and new ICTs
Kelly Garrett, R. (2006) · Information, Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/13691180600630773 · Cited by 782
Clicks, Cabs, and Coffee Houses: Social Media and Oppositional Movements in Egypt, 2004-2011
Lim, M. (2012) · Journal of Communication · doi:10.1111/j.1460-2466.2012.01628.x · Cited by 692
Reconceptualizing Collective Action in the Contemporary Media Environment
Bimber, B. (2005) · Communication Theory · doi:10.1093/ct/15.4.365 · Cited by 597
Small Media, Big Revolution: Communication, Culture, and the Iranian Revolution
Quandt, W. B., Sreberny-Mohammadi, A., & Mohammadi, A. (1995) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20047176 · Cited by 426
Cited by
Launching Revolution: Social Media and the Egyptian Uprising’s First Movers
Clarke, K., & Kocak, K. (2020) · British Journal of Political Science · doi:10.1017/s0007123418000194 · Cited by 72
Casares, A. P. (2018) · Futures · doi:10.1016/j.futures.2018.05.002 · Cited by 54
Metadata
- Venue
- Choice Reviews Online
- Publisher
- American Library Association
- Published
- 2013-11-18
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 04
- Pages
- 51-2322-51-2322
- ISSN
- 0009-4978 (ISSN-L)
- 1523-8253
- OpenAlex
- W1549767159
- Cited by
- 340
- References
- 24
- Type
- book review
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: Democracy's fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.5860/choice.51-2322
- The paper
- Democracy's fourth wave?: digital media and the Arab Spring. (2013). Choice Reviews Online. https://doi.org/10.5860/choice.51-2322
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.