Accelerated Weight Gain Among Children During Summer Versus School Year and Related Racial/Ethnic Disparities: A Systematic Review
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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compile and summarize research examining variations in weight gain among students during the summer in comparison to the school year, with a focus on racial/ethnic disparities and students who are at risk of overweight. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted. Reference lists of identified articles and Google Scholar were also reviewed. Studies that assessed summer weight gain in school children were included. Inclusion criteria were: 1) a focus on children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 attending school; 2) a measured body composition before and after the summer vacation; 3) English-language articles; and 4) publication in a peer-reviewed journal since January 1, 1990. Data were extracted from selected studies in the following categories: study purpose, setting, study design, population, sample size, data collection method, and findings. RESULTS: Seven eligible studies were included in the review. Six of the 7 studies reported accelerated summer weight gain for at least a portion of the study population, with an effect of summer on weight gain identified for the following subgroups: black, Hispanic, and overweight children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: There may be a trend in increased rate of weight gain during summer school vacation, particularly for high-risk groups, including certain racial/ethnic populations and overweight children and adolescents. Potential solutions for the problem of accelerated summer weight gain include greater access to recreational facilities, physical activity programming, and summer food programs. Further research in this area is needed as summer weight gain may exacerbate existing health disparities.
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Children tend to gain more weight over the summer, especially children who are not enrolled in structured summer camps and activities.
“Also, children tend to gain more weight over the summer, especially children who are not enrolled in structured summer camps and activities [20–23].”
From Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S. (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Children's Sugary Drink Consumption: A Qualitative Study
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Impact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss
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Promoting health and activity in the summer trial: Implementation and outcomes of a pilot study
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The intersection of COVID‐19, school, and headaches: Problems and solutions
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Increasing Physical Activity and Enjoyment Through Goal-Setting at Summer Camp
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Impact and recovery of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on weight status of children and adolescents
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Weight Gain during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a High-Risk Cohort of Children in San Francisco, CA
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Children’s Health, Wellbeing and Academic Outcomes over the Summer Holidays: A Scoping Review
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Hydrate Philly: An Intervention to Increase Water Access and Appeal in Recreation Centers
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A social network analysis approach to group and individual perceptions of child physical activity
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Consequences of covid-19 on the childhood obesity epidemic
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Nutrition‐related interventions targeting childhood overweight and obesity: A narrative review
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Real‐world effectiveness of the Bright Bodies healthy lifestyle intervention for childhood obesity
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- Authors
- Franckle, R., Adler, R., & Davison, K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Franckle, Rebecca
- Venue
- Preventing Chronic Disease
- Published
- 2014-06-12
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- E101-E101
- ISSN
- 1545-1151 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4060873
- OpenAlex
- W2118618578
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Preventing Chronic Disease (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- summer weight gain, summer vacation, elementary school students, racial and ethnic disparities, childhood obesity, overweight children, body composition, health disparities, physical activity, recreational facilities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Composition, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Risk Factors, Schools, Seasons, United States, Weight Gain, Overweight, Health Status Disparities
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