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Accelerated Weight Gain Among Children During Summer Versus School Year and Related Racial/Ethnic Disparities: A Systematic Review
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INTRODUCTION: The objective of this study was to compile and summarize research examining variations in weight gain among students during the summer in comparison to the school year, with a focus on racial/ethnic disparities and students who are at risk of overweight. METHODS: A systematic search of PubMed and Embase was conducted. Reference lists of identified articles and Google Scholar were also reviewed. Studies that assessed summer weight gain in school children were included. Inclusion criteria were: 1) a focus on children and adolescents aged 5 to 17 attending school; 2) a measured body composition before and after the summer vacation; 3) English-language articles; and 4) publication in a peer-reviewed journal since January 1, 1990. Data were extracted from selected studies in the following categories: study purpose, setting, study design, population, sample size, data collection method, and findings. RESULTS: Seven eligible studies were included in the review. Six of the 7 studies reported accelerated summer weight gain for at least a portion of the study population, with an effect of summer on weight gain identified for the following subgroups: black, Hispanic, and overweight children and adolescents. CONCLUSION: There may be a trend in increased rate of weight gain during summer school vacation, particularly for high-risk groups, including certain racial/ethnic populations and overweight children and adolescents. Potential solutions for the problem of accelerated summer weight gain include greater access to recreational facilities, physical activity programming, and summer food programs. Further research in this area is needed as summer weight gain may exacerbate existing health disparities.
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“Also, children tend to gain more weight over the summer, especially children who are not enrolled in structured summer camps and activities [20–23].”
From Early effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on physical activity and sedentary behavior in children living in the U.S. (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
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“Several studies have documented that the BMIs of adolescents typically increase over the summer, particularly among individuals who are overweight (Franckle et al., 2014).”
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“Research on healthy and obese children, comparing school days with holiday periods, has shown weight gain during holiday periods, for reasons unknown (Franckle et al., 2014; Von Hippel et al., 2007; Wang et al., 2015).”
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“, during the summer months), compared with during the school year (17, 18).”
BackgroundImpact of Year-Round and Traditional School Schedules on Summer Weight Gain and Fitness Loss
Brusseau, T. A., Burns, R. D., Fu, Y., & Weaver, R. G. (2019) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2019.0070 · Cited by 24
“Similarly, in their review, Franckle et al. 5 found that there was a trend for increased weight gain during summer vacation, especially in ethnic minority and overweight children.”
Bohnert, A. M., Loren, D. M., & Miller, A. L. (2020) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000581 · Cited by 23
Li, N., Zhao, P. Z., Diao, C., Qiao, Y., Katzmarzyk, P. T., Chaput, J., Fogelholm, M., Kuriyan, R., Kurpad, A. V., Lambert, E. V., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-019-0329-9 · Cited by 23
Promoting health and activity in the summer trial: Implementation and outcomes of a pilot study
Evans, E. W., Bond, D. S., Pierre, D. F., Howie, W. C., Wing, R. R., & Jelalian, E. (2018) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2018.02.008 · Cited by 22
Evans, E. W., Wing, R. R., Pierre, D. F., Howie, W. C., Brinker, M., & Jelalian, E. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09806-y · Cited by 22
The intersection of COVID‐19, school, and headaches: Problems and solutions
Karvounides, D., Marzouk, M. A., Ross, A. C., VanderPluym, J. H., Pettet, C., Ladak, A., Ziplow, J. L., Gentile, C. P., Turner, S. B., Anto, M. M., et al. (2020) · Headache The Journal of Head and Face Pain · doi:10.1111/head.14038 · Cited by 23
Lane, T. S., Sonderegger, D. L., Holeva‐Eklund, W. M., Brazendale, K., Behrens, T. K., Howdeshell, H., Walka, S., Cook, J. R., & de Heer, H. ‘. (2021) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2020.12.010 · Cited by 22
Dowda, M. C., Saunders, R. P., Dishman, R. K., & Pate, R. R. (2023) · International Journal of Obesity · doi:10.1038/s41366-023-01405-2 · Cited by 21
“For example, weight gain over time tends to be greatest in the subgroup of children who were heavier at baseline [20, 21], which suggests the possibility that associations between adiposity and physical activity, diet, and sedentary behavior may vary among subgroups de fi ned by weight status.”
Hunt, E. T., Whitfield, M. L., Brazendale, K., Beets, M. W., & Weaver, R. G. (2019) · Evaluation and Program Planning · doi:10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2019.02.009 · Cited by 21
“Previous studies have shown that children who are African American are at increased risk of accelerated weight gain during the summer (Franckle, 2014).”
BackgroundBurns, R. D., Bai, Y., Byun, W., Colotti, T. E., Pfledderer, C. D., Kwon, S., & Brusseau, T. A. (2020) · Journal of sport and health science/Journal of Sport and Health Science · doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.07.001 · Cited by 23
“Other researchers have found accelerated weight gain over the summer.(32,33) Brazendale et al.”
BackgroundIncreasing Physical Activity and Enjoyment Through Goal-Setting at Summer Camp
Wilson, C., Sibthorp, J., & Brusseau, T. A. (2017) · Journal of Park and Recreation Administration · doi:10.18666/jpra-2017-v35-i4-7930 · Cited by 20
“Additionally, children spend less time self-monitoring their physical activity and eating habits when at home (Franckle et al., 2014).”
BackgroundWeaver, R. G., Hunt, E. T., Armstrong, B., Beets, M. W., Brazendale, K., Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Pate, R. R., Maydeu‐Olivares, A., Saelens, B. E., Youngstedt, S. D., et al. (2021) · Pediatric Obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12789 · Cited by 19
“The months of the traditional summer vacation have been identified as a period of increased risk for the development of obesity and CRF loss.(9,10) For example, a recent study examined the Early Child-”
BackgroundHunt, E. T., von Klinggraeff, L., Jones, A., Burkart, S. A., Dugger, R., Armstrong, B., Beets, M. W., Turner‐McGrievy, G. M., Geraci, M., & Weaver, R. G. (2021) · Obesity Science & Practice · doi:10.1002/osp4.532 · Cited by 18
“income households experience greater increases in summer BMI gain compared to other children.(31) Ultimately, greater accelerated”
BackgroundAzrak, M. Á., Fasano, M. V., Avico, A. J., Sala, M., Casado, C., Padula, M., Kruger, A. L., Malpeli, A., & Andreoli, M. F. (2022) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/s41430-022-01252-w · Cited by 20
Hopkins, L. C., Fristad, M. A., Goodway, J. D., Eneli, I., Holloman, C., Kennel, J. A., Melnyk, B. M., & Gunther, C. W. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3765-7 · Cited by 22
“Emerging research has indicated the summertime as a particular window of risk for unhealthy weight gain among children, especially underserved, minority children [4–10].”
BackgroundReesor-Oyer, L. M., Moreno, J. P., Johnston, C. A., & Hernandez, D. C. (2018) · Journal of School Health · doi:10.1111/josh.12713 · Cited by 18
Impact and recovery of the COVID ‐19 pandemic on weight status of children and adolescents
Bond, D. M., Seimon, R. V., Schneuer, F. J., Baur, L. A., Craig, M. E., Alexander, S., Garnett, S. P., Henderson, J., & Nassar, N. (2023) · Clinical Obesity · doi:10.1111/cob.12579 · Cited by 18
Weight Gain during the COVID-19 Pandemic in a High-Risk Cohort of Children in San Francisco, CA
Beck, A. L., Huang, J. C., Lendzion, L., Fernández, A., & Martinez, S. M. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0128 · Cited by 18
Tripicchio, G. L., Jones, G. J., Hart, C. N., Hyun, M., DeSabato, E., Giddings, A., Ehrhardt, A., & Rosenberg, E. (2021) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/tbm/ibab151 · Cited by 17
“Summer is well recognized as a high-risk time for vulnerable youth since they typically lack access to programs and resources that are available during the school year [13, 14].”
BackgroundMaggio, A. B. R., Gal-Duding, C., Martin, X., & Chamay-Weber, C. (2022) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-022-03565-y · Cited by 17
“bullying) [5] or summer vacations [6] are punctual risk factors for weight gain in children, as reflected in the literature.”
BackgroundChildren’s Health, Wellbeing and Academic Outcomes over the Summer Holidays: A Scoping Review
Eglitis, E., Miatke, A., Virgara, R., Machell, A., Olds, T., Richardson, M., & Maher, C. A. (2024) · Children · doi:10.3390/children11030287 · Cited by 18
“Previous research has mainly examined children’s weight gain or fitness decline over the summer without adopting a holistic lens [5,9–11 ,18].”
BackgroundMethodHydrate Philly: An Intervention to Increase Water Access and Appeal in Recreation Centers
Lawman, H. G., Grossman, S., Lofton, X., Tasian, G. E., & Patel, A. I. (2020) · Preventing Chronic Disease · doi:10.5888/pcd17.190277 · Cited by 17
“However, studies have not examined interventions to increase water consumption in community recreation centers, which serve a large number of youth, provide water access to the community overall, and offer ideal settings for addressing youth’s risk for summer weight gain (21,22).”
Randomized controlled trial to enhance children’s sleep, eating, and weight
Hart, C. N., Hawley, N. L., Coffman, D. L., Raynor, H. A., Carskadon, M. A., Jelalian, E., Owens, J. A., Spaeth, A. M., & Wing, R. R. (2021) · Pediatric Research · doi:10.1038/s41390-021-01870-3 · Cited by 15
What Do Children Eat in the Summer? A Direct Observation of Summer Day Camps That Serve Meals
Kenney, E. L., Lee, R. M., Brooks, C. J., Cradock, A. L. I., & Gortmaker, S. L. (2017) · Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics · doi:10.1016/j.jand.2017.01.026 · Cited by 15
Moreno, J. P., Crowley, S. J., Alfano, C. A., & Thompson, D. I. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12973 · Cited by 17
“They demonstrated that children increased their BMI at a faster rate during summer compared with the school year.(4,52) Most of these studies, however, included only two yearly measurements of BMI limiting the ability to examine the effect of season versus school year or school holiday environments on weight gain velo…”
BackgroundSeasonality of Children’s Height and Weight and Their Contribution to Accelerated Summer Weight Gain
Moreno, J. P., Musaad, S. M. A., Dadabhoy, H., Baranowski, T., Crowley, S. J., Thompson, D. I., Chen, T. A., & Johnston, C. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Physiology · doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.793999 · Cited by 15
“Variables used to adjust the models were selected based on empirical evidence of differences in weight status or seasonal patterns in weight gain or obesity-related behaviors across various demographic variables available in this dataset (Moreno et al., 2013; Franckle et al., 2014; Moreno et al., 2015; Chen et al., 20…”
MethodA social network analysis approach to group and individual perceptions of child physical activity
Prochnow, T. M., Patterson, M. S., & Meyer, M. R. U. (2020) · Health Education Research · doi:10.1093/her/cyaa035 · Cited by 15
Consequences of covid-19 on the childhood obesity epidemic
Patterson, R. R., Sornalingam, S., & Cooper, M. (2021) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.n953 · Cited by 15
Circannual variation in relative weight of children 5 to 16 years of age
Bhutani, S., Hanrahan, L., Vanwormer, J. J., & Schoeller, D. (2018) · Pediatric obesity · doi:10.1111/ijpo.12270 · Cited by 10
Brazendale, K., Garcia, J. M., Hunt, E. T., Blankenship, M. J., Eisenstein, D., & León, A. M. (2021) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/15598276211006657 · Cited by 15
“The magnitude of the increases in BMI and zBMI are similar to, if not greater than, other studies that have examined changes in children’s weight outcomes over long, uninterrupted periods of less-structured time, such as summer.5,6,11-13 For example, children’s monthly BMI change in this study was approximately 0.12 k…”
ResultInfluentialNutrition‐related interventions targeting childhood overweight and obesity: A narrative review
Kerr, J. A., Loughman, A., Knox, A., Koplin, J. J., Allen, K. J., & Wake, M. A. (2019) · Obesity Reviews · doi:10.1111/obr.12768 · Cited by 14
Han, J.-A., Chung, Y.-E., Chung, I.-H., Hong, Y. H., & Chung, S. (2021) · Children · doi:10.3390/children8050404 · Cited by 15
Real‐world effectiveness of the Bright Bodies healthy lifestyle intervention for childhood obesity
Samuels, S. L., Hu, P., Maciejewski, K. R., Li, F., Dziura, J. D., Savoye, M., & Sharifi, M. (2022) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.23627 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Franckle, R., Adler, R., & Davison, K.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Franckle, Rebecca
- Venue
- Preventing Chronic Disease
- Published
- 2014-06-12
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- E101-E101
- ISSN
- 1545-1151 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4060873
- OpenAlex
- W2118618578
- Cited by
- 230
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 29 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 14 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 1.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Preventing Chronic Disease (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T32DK007703)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Physical Activity and Health
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Keywords
- summer weight gain, summer vacation, elementary school students, racial and ethnic disparities, childhood obesity, overweight children, body composition, health disparities, physical activity, recreational facilities
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Body Composition, Child, Child, Preschool, Humans, Risk Factors, Schools, Seasons, United States, Weight Gain, Overweight, Health Status Disparities
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