If Asimo Thinks, Does Roomba Feel? The Legal Implications of Attributing Agency to Technology
Open accessAbstract
Just as our interactions with other people are shaped by our concepts about their beliefs, desires, and goals (i.e., "theory of mind"), our interactions with intelligent technologies such as robots are shaped by our concepts about their internal operations. Multiple studies have demonstrated that people attribute anthropomorphic features to technological agents in certain contexts, but researchers remain divided on how these attributions arise: What default assumptions do people make about the internal operations of intelligent technology, and what events or additional information cause us to alter those default assumptions? This article explores these open questions and some of their implications for law and policy. First, we review psychological research exploring people's attributions of agency, with particular focus on attributions to technological entities. Next, we define and describe one popular account of this research---a "promiscuous agency" account that assumes a reflexive tendency to broadly attribute humanlike properties to technological agents. We then summarize mounting evidence that people are often more cautious in attributing human properties than the promiscuous agency account suggests. We seek to integrate the mounting evidence for a "selective agency" account with the promiscuous agency account through the transition model of agency. Finally, we explore how selective agency, promiscuous agency, and the transition model relate to a sample of robotics law and policy issues. We address, in turn, issues related to Fourth Amendment protection, copyright law, statutory and regulatory interpretation, and negligence litigation, identifying specific implications of the transition model of agency for each issue.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science
Open Science Collaboration (2015) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aac4716 · Cited by 8,515 · see citing works
Wimmer, H. (1983) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(83)90004-5 · Cited by 6,305 · see citing works
(2023) · doi:10.1126/science · Cited by 6,063 · see citing works
Dual-Processing Accounts of Reasoning, Judgment, and Social Cognition
Evans, J. S. B. T. (2008) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.59.103006.093629 · Cited by 5,137 · see citing works
(1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-3702 · Cited by 4,870 · see citing works
On seeing human: A three-factor theory of anthropomorphism
Epley, N., Waytz, A., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2007) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.114.4.864 · Cited by 4,069 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Further, even if people tried to do so, they would almost certainly still use their own experience and inferences as a guide in assessing what an abstract reasonable person would foresee (see, e.g., Epley, Waytz, & Cacioppo, 2007). familiar and accessible to jurors.”
BackgroundMachines and Mindlessness: Social Responses to Computers
Nass, C., & Moon, Y. (2000) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/0022-4537.00153 · Cited by 4,022 · see citing works
Schema induction and analogical transfer
Gick, M. L., & Holyoak, K. J. (1983) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90002-6 · Cited by 2,955 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In the problem-solving literature, this can be seen as processing the schematic structure of a problem as opposed to its surface structure (Gick & Holyoak, 1983).”
BackgroundGray, H. M., Gray, K., & Wegner, D. M. (2007) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1134475 · Cited by 2,342 · see citing works
Infants selectively encode the goal object of an actor's reach
Woodward, A. L. (1998) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(98)00058-4 · Cited by 1,977 · see citing works
Chinn, C. A., & Brewer, W. F. (1993) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543063001001 · Cited by 1,393 · see citing works
On the motivational nature of cognitive dissonance: Dissonance as psychological discomfort.
Elliot, A. J., & Devine, P. G. (1994) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.67.3.382 · Cited by 1,289 · see citing works
Metaphors We Think With: The Role of Metaphor in Reasoning
Thibodeau, P. H., & Boroditsky, L. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016782 · Cited by 1,117 · see citing works
The Social Sense: Susceptibility to Others’ Beliefs in Human Infants and Adults
Kovács, Á. M., Téglás, E., & Endress, A. D. (2010) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1190792 · Cited by 923 · see citing works
Acceptance of Healthcare Robots for the Older Population: Review and Future Directions
Broadbent, E., Stafford, R., & MacDonald, B. (2009) · International Journal of Social Robotics · doi:10.1007/s12369-009-0030-6 · Cited by 887 · see citing works
Mindblindness—an essay on autism and theory of mind
Wilson, G. (1996) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(96)80006-7 · Cited by 814 · see citing works
Core mechanisms in ‘theory of mind’
Leslie, A. M., Friedman, O., & German, T. P. (2004) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2004.10.001 · Cited by 800 · see citing works
Seeing it their way: Evidence for rapid and involuntary computation of what other people see.
Samson, D., Apperly, I. A., Braithwaite, J. J., Andrews, B. J., & Scott, S. (2010) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0018729 · Cited by 739 · see citing works
On the cognitive conflict as an instructional strategy for conceptual change: a critical appraisal
Limón, M. (2001) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/s0959-4752(00)00037-2 · Cited by 675 · see citing works
Are Machines Gender Neutral? Gender‐Stereotypic Responses to Computers With Voices
Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N. (1997) · Journal of Applied Social Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.1559-1816.1997.tb00275.x · Cited by 670 · see citing works
Nass, C., Fogg, B. J., & Moon, Y. (1996) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1996.0073 · Cited by 665 · see citing works
Can computer personalities be human personalities?
Nass, C., Moon, Y., Fogg, B. J., Reeves, B. B., & Dryer, D. C. (1995) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1995.1042 · Cited by 621 · see citing works
Matters of mind: Mindfulness/mindlessness in perspective
Langer, E. J. (1992) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/1053-8100(92)90066-j · Cited by 443 · see citing works
Anthropomorphic Interactions with a Robot and Robot–like Agent
Kiesler, S. B., Powers, A., Fussell, S. R., & Torrey, C. (2008) · Social Cognition · doi:10.1521/soco.2008.26.2.169 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Infants’ developing understanding of the link between looker and object
Woodward, A. L. (2003) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/1467-7687.00286 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Goal attribution to inanimate agents by 6.5-month-old infants
Csibra, G. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.08.001 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Legal Personhood for Artificial Intelligences
Solum, L. B. (2020) · Machine Ethics and Robot Ethics · doi:10.4324/9781003074991-37 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Robotics and the Lessons of Cyberlaw
Calo, R. (2014) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2402972 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Truth Is Beauty: Researching Embodied Conversational Agents
Nass, C., Isbister, K., & Lee, E. (2000) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/2697.003.0016 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
The psychophysics of chasing: A case study in the perception of animacy
Gao, T., Newman, G. E., & Scholl, B. J. (2009) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2009.03.001 · Cited by 233 · see citing works
Seeing Deep Structure From the Interactions of Surface Features
Michelene, T. H., & VanLehn, K. A. (2012) · Educational Psychologist · doi:10.1080/00461520.2012.695709 · Cited by 226 · see citing works
Is Belief Reasoning Automatic?
Apperly, I. A., Riggs, K. J., Simpson, A., Chiavarino, C., & Samson, D. (2006) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.2006.01791.x · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Robotic pets in the lives of preschool children
Kahn, P. H., Friedman, B., Pérez-Granados, D. R., & Freier, N. G. (2006) · Interaction Studies Social Behaviour and Communication in Biological and Artificial Systems · doi:10.1075/is.7.3.13kah · Cited by 200 · see citing works
Conversational gaze mechanisms for humanlike robots
Mutlu, B., Kanda, T., Forlizzi, J., Hodgins, J. K., & Ishiguro, H. (2012) · ACM Transactions on Interactive Intelligent Systems · doi:10.1145/2070719.2070725 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Robots and Rodents: Children’s Inferences About Living and Nonliving Kinds
Jipson, J. L., & Gelman, S. A. (2007) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.2007.01095.x · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Children's behavior toward and understanding of robotic and living dogs
Melson, G. F., Kahn, P. H., Beck, A. M., Friedman, B., Roberts, T., Garrett, E., & Gill, B. T. (2008) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2008.10.011 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Johnson, S. C. (2003) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2002.1237 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The new ontological category hypothesis in human-robot interaction
Kahn, P. H., Reichert, A. L., Gary, H. E., Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., Shen, S., Ruckert, J. H., & Gill, B. (2011) · Proceedings of the 6th international conference on Human-robot interaction · doi:10.1145/1957656.1957710 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Scott, R. M., Richman, J. C., & Renée Baillargeon, B. (2015) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.cogpsych.2015.08.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Robotic pets in the lives of preschool children
Kahn, P. H., Friedman, B., Pérez-Granados, D. R., & Freier, N. G. (2004) · CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI EA) · doi:10.1145/985921.986087 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Breaking the rules: Do infants have a true understanding of false belief?
Yott, J., & Poulin‐Dubois, D. (2011) · British Journal of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-835x.2011.02060.x · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Coding Creativity: Copyright and the Artificially Intelligent AuthorPreprint
Bridy, A. (2016) · doi:10.31235/osf.io/5ru6m · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Do houseflies think? Patterns of induction and biological beliefs in development
Gutheil, G., Vera, A., & Keil, F. C. (1998) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/s0010-0277(97)00049-8 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
The Metaphor Is the Key: Cryptography, the Clipper Chip, and the Constitution
Froomkin, A. M. (1995) · University of Pennsylvania Law Review · doi:10.2307/3312529 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Intentionality and word learning
Bloom, P. (1997) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(97)01006-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
How should the law think about robots?
Richards, N., & Smart, W. D. (2016) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781783476732.00007 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Foreseeability in Breach, Duty and Proximate CausePreprint
Zipursky, B. C. (2010) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Case for a Federal Robotics CommissionPreprint
Calo, R. (2014) · SSRN Electronic Journal · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Gray, H. M., Gray, K. J., & Wegner, D. M. (2014) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199927418.003.0004 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Embodied Conversational Agents
Krämer, N. C., Bente, G., Eschenburg, F., & Troitzsch, H. (2009) · Social Psychology · doi:10.1027/1864-9335.40.1.26 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Animate-Inanimate Distinction in Infancy: Developing Sensitivity to Constraints on Human Actions
Molina, M., de Walle, G. A. V., Condry, K. F., & Spelke, E. S. (2004) · Journal of Cognition and Development · doi:10.1207/s15327647jcd0504_1 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Slobogin, C., & Schumacher, J. E. (1993) · Duke Law Journal · doi:10.2307/1372714 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Cognitive Dissonance as a Measure of Reactions to Human-Robot Interaction
Levin, D., Harriott, C. E., Paul, N. A., Zheng, T., & Adams, J. A. (2013) · Journal of Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.5898/jhri.2.3.levin · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationLevin, D. T., Killingsworth, S. S., Saylor, M. M., Gordon, S. M., & Kawamura, K. (2012) · Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/07370024.2012.697007 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationBottom-up versus Top-down Lawmaking
Rachlinski, J. J. (2006) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/3488.003.0011 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Human pointing as a robot directive
Abidi, S., Williams, M., & Johnston, B. (2013) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2013.6483504 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Robots in the Home: What Will We Have Agreed To?Preprint
Kaminski, M. E. (2015) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2592500 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Левин, Killingsworth, & Saylor (2008) · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Effects related to synchrony and repertoire in perceptions of robot dance
Avrunin, E., Hart, J., Douglas, A., & Scassellati, B. M. (2011) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1145/1957656.1957678 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Roberts, P. (2000) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Copyright or patent or both: an algorithmic approach to computer software protection
Swinson, J. (1991) · Harvard journal of law & technology · Cited by 9 · see citing works
A transition model for cognitions about agency
Levin, D. T., Adams, J. A., Saylor, M. M., & Biswas, G. (2013) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction (HRI) · doi:10.1109/hri.2013.6483612 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationHymel, A. M., Levin, D. T., Barrett, J., Saylor, M. M., & Biswas, G. (2011) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-21619-0_70 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Self-citationArtificial Intelligence and Law
(2013) · Artificial Intelligence and Law · doi:10.1007/10506.1572-8382 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
A Profile of Tort Litigation in Georgia and Reflections on Tort Reform
Eaton, T. A., & Talarico, S. M. (1996) · Digital Commons (University of Georgia School of Law) · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Jaeger, C. B., Hymel, A. M., Levin, D. T., Biswas, G., Paul, N. A., & Kinnebrew, J. S. (2019) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0163-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationIntellectual Property and Software: The Assumptions are Broken.
Davis, R. (1991) · Defense Technical Information Center (DTIC) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Pylman, D. J. (2009) · Chicago-Kent law review · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Krason, S. M., & Society of Catholic Social Scientists (2004) · Catholic Social Science Review · doi:10.5840/cssr2004932 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Green, M. D. (2002) · Scholar Commons (University of South Carolina) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
2 of the 72 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Research works printed but not linked: 14
- Calo, R. (2016, Feb. 26). Robots in American law. Retrieved from http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2737598
- Clifford, R.D. (1997). Intellectual property in the era of the creative computer program: Will the true creator please stand up? Tulane Law Review, (71), 1675.
- Fogg, B. J., & Nass, C. (1997). Do users reciprocate to computers? Proceedings of the CHI Conference (Atlanta, GA). New York: ACM.
- Gates, B. (2007, Jan.). A robot in every home. Scientific American, 296(1), 58-65.
- Hubbard. F. P. (2014). 'Sophisticated robots': Balancing liability, regulation, and innovation. Florida Law Review, 66, 1803.
- Kahn Jr., P. H., Severson, R. L. Kanda, T., Ishiguro, H., Gill, B. T., Ruckert, J. H., . . . Freier, N. G. (2012). Do people hold a humanoid robot morally accountable for the harm it causes? In Proceedings of the Seventh Annual ACM/IEEE International Conference on Human-Robot Interaction, 2012, 33- 40. doi:10.1145/2157689.215769 · DOI
- Levin, D. T., Saylor, M. M., & Lynn, S. D. (2012). Distinguishing first-line defaults from second-line conceptualization in reasoning about humans, robots, and computers. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies. 70(8), 527-534.
- Moon, Y., & Nass, C. (1996). How "real" are computer personalities? Psychological responses to personality types in human-computer interaction. Communication Research, 23(6), 651-674.
- Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Carney, P. (1999). Are respondents polite to computers? Social desirability and direct responses to computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(5), 1093-1110.
- Nass, C., Moon, Y., & Green, N. (1997). Are computers gender-neutral? Gender stereotypic responses to computers. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 27(10), 864-876.
- Samuelson, P. (1985). Allocating ownership rights in computer-generated work. University of Pittsburgh Law Review, (47), 1185-1228.
- Vladeck, D. C. (2014). Machines without principles: Liability rules and artificial intelligence. Washington Law Review, 89, 117.
- Waytz, A., Cacioppo, J. T., & Epley, N. (2014). Who sees human? The stability and importance of individual differences in anthropomorphism. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 5(3), 219- 232.
- Wu, T. (2013). Machine speech. University of Pennsylvania Law Review, 161, 1495-1533.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Feeling our way to machine minds: people's emotions when perceiving mind in artificial intelligence
Shank, D. B., Graves, C., Gott, A., Gamez, P., & Rodriguez, S. (2019) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2019.04.001 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
Pradhan, A., Findlater, L., & Lazar, A. (2019) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3359316 · Cited by 223 · see citing works
Mental State Attribution to Robots: A Systematic Review of Conceptions, Methods, and Findings
Thellman, S., de Graaf, M. M. A., & Tom Ziemke, B. (2022) · ACM Transactions on Human-Robot Interaction · doi:10.1145/3526112 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Shank, D. B., DeSanti, A., & Maninger, T. (2019) · Information Communication & Society · doi:10.1080/1369118x.2019.1568515 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Brummelen, J. V., Tabunshchyk, V., & Heng, T. (2021) · ACM International Conference on Interaction Design and Children (IDC) · doi:10.1145/3459990.3460730 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Motivations and Risks of Machine Ethics
Cave, S., Nyrup, R., Vold, K., & Weller, A. (2018) · Proceedings of the IEEE · doi:10.1109/jproc.2018.2865996 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Multiple Perspectives Theory of Mental States in Communication
Heller, D., & Brown‐Schmidt, S. (2023) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1111/cogs.13322 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Anthropomorphism and Intentionality Improve Memory for Events
Baker, L. J., Hymel, A. M., & Levin, D. T. (2016) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2016.1223517 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Self-citationThe roles of cognitive dissonance and normative reasoning in attributions of minds to robots
Baker, L. J., Li, H., Hammond, H., Jaeger, C. B., Havard, A., Lane, J. D., Harriott, C. E., & Levin, D. T. (2024) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-024-00604-3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationSeasonal changes in force production accuracy as a measure of kinesthesia in motorcyclists
Szczepan, S., Błacha, R., Brożek, T., & Zatoń, K. (2019) · Human Movement · doi:10.5114/hm.2020.88149 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Jaeger, C. B., Hymel, A. M., Levin, D. T., Biswas, G., Paul, N. A., & Kinnebrew, J. S. (2019) · Cognitive Research Principles and Implications · doi:10.1186/s41235-019-0163-6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Intent to Accountability: Exploring the Role of Mental States in Robot Accountability
Kim, B., Zhu, Q., Phillips, E. K., & Williams, T. (2025) · IEEE Workshop on Advanced Robotics and its Social Impacts (ARSO) · doi:10.1109/arso64737.2025.11124950 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Mentalistic Stances Towards AI Systems: Beyond the Intentional Stance
Larghi, S., & Datteri, E. (2024) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-66021-4_2 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
أخلاقيات الآلة (الدوافع والمخاطر)
همام, م. ح. ذ. (2023) · Al-Mağallah Al-ʿilmiyyaẗ Li Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb - Ǧāmiʿaẗ Asyūṭ/Al-Mağallah Al-ʿilmiyyaẗ Li Kulliyyaẗ Al-Adāb - Ǧāmiʿaẗ Asyūṭ · doi:10.21608/aakj.2023.283730
Jaeger, C. B., & Levin, D. T. (2026) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2026.104044
Self-citation
- Authors
- Jaeger, C. B., & Levin, D. T.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Venue
- Journal of Human-Robot Interaction
- Publisher
- Journal of Human-Robot Interaction
- Published
- 2016-12-14
- Volume
- 5
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 3
- ISSN
- 2163-0364 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2566983743
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 1 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 1 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 3.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- public-domain
- Locations
- Journal of Human-Robot Interaction (publishedVersion, public-domain)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation (0826701)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Social Robot Interaction and HRI
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Literary and Philosophical Studies
- Social Sciences › Law › Digitalization, Law, and Regulation
- Keywords
- agency attribution, anthropomorphism, robots, theory of mind, robotics law, Fourth Amendment, copyright law, statutory interpretation, regulatory interpretation, human-robot interaction
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
