Young Students’ Functional Thinking Modes: The Relation Between Recursive Patterning, Covariational Thinking, and Correspondence Relations
Abstract
A theoretical model describing young students’ (Grades 1–3) functional-thinking modes was formulated and validated empirically (n = 345), hypothesizing that young students’ functional-thinking modes consist of recursive patterning, covariational thinking, correspondence-particular, and correspondence-general factors. Data analysis suggested that functional-thinking tasks can be categorized on the basis of the proposed model. Analysis traced three categories of students that represent different functional-thinking profiles. Category 1 students exhibited a recursive-thinking profile. Category 2 students utilized a combination of recursive and contextual strategies and exhibited an emergent covariational and correspondence-particular thinking. Category 3 students approached functional-thinking situations flexibly, using a combination of covariational and correspondence strategies. A structural model showed two parallel paths from recursive patterning to correspondence-general through correspondence-particular or covariational.
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“It models young students’ capacity to identify, manipulate, and symbolize the correspondence relation between two co-varying quantities in particular and general instances (Ng, 2018; Pittalis et al., 2020).”
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“La combinaison de ces deux approches théoriques est nourrie par des travaux de recherches internationaux portant sur la PF [9,10,11,12] qui constituent le cadre épistémologique de référence de notre étude didactique.”
Early ways of relating quantities from a sixth grader
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“…FT, many researchers often adopt the three FT modes proposed by Confrey and Smith (1991, 1994, 1995): recursive patterning, correspondence relations, and covariational thinking (e.g., Blanton & Kaput, 2011; Deng et al., 2025; Pinto et al., 2022; Pittalis et al., 2020; Stephens et al., 2017b).”
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Linking a graph and a formula of a function
Schnürerová, E. (2026) · doi:10.5817/cz.muni.p280-0906-2026-22
- Authors
- Pittalis, M., Pitta-Pantazi, D., & Christou, C.
- Affiliations
- University of Cyprus (CY)
- 1 University of Cyprus
- Venue
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education
- Published
- 2020-11
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 631-674
- ISSN
- 0021-8251 (ISSN-L)
- 1945-2306
- OpenAlex
- W3118468031
- Semantic Scholar
- 32f74f30182098203fb41a5018d3cff52a793598
- Cited by
- 32
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 7
- FWCI
- 5.43
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal for Research in Mathematics Education (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Mathematics Education and Teaching Techniques
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Applied Mathematics › Mathematics Education and Pedagogy
- Physical Sciences › Mathematics › Statistics and Probability › Cognitive and developmental aspects of mathematical skills
- Keywords
- functional thinking, younger schoolchildren, correspondence relations, early algebra, theoretical model
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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