CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 17Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety StudiesJob Satisfaction and Organizational BehaviorCyberloafing and Workplace Behavior

Polychronicity, Time Perspective, and Procrastination Behavior at the Workplace: An Empirical Study

Open access
Zhijie, Song, Gull, Nida, Asghar, Muhammad, Sarfraz, Muddassar, Shi, Rui, Rafique, Muhammad Asim·2022·Anales de Psicología
DOI 10.6018/analesps.427401
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Daily duties, tasks, various situations, and decisions must be resolved. However, it is frequently the case that we defer critical activities till later due to an overload of information from many sources, an excessive number of duties, the quick pace of life, and so on. Procrastination behavior impedes the development of every organization. The main objective is to identify possible differences in procrastination and the proper use of polychronicity in a cross-cultural context. A sample of 281 employees of manufacturing industries in Pakistan was considered. A study proposed hypotheses were tested through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) technique. The findings indicated that polychronicity increased procrastinating behavior, the role of conflict mediation influence. Furthermore, job autonomy acts as a negative moderator of polychronicity influence on the role of conflict occurrences, therefore weakening the entire mediating process between polychronicity and individual procrastinating behaviour. Finally, the results are used to show the model's theoretical and practical implications. Deben resolverse los deberes diarios, las tareas, las diversas situaciones y las decisiones. Sin embargo, con frecuencia postergamos las actividades críticas para más tarde debido a una sobrecarga de información de diversas fuentes, un número excesivo de tareas, el ritmo de vida rápido, etc. El comportamiento de procrastinación impide el desarrollo de todas las organizaciones. El objetivo principal es identificar las posibles diferencias en la procrastinación y el uso adecuado de la policronicidad en un contexto transcultural. Se consideró una muestra de 281 empleados de industrias manufactureras en Pakistán. Las hipótesis propuestas en este estudio fueron probadas mediante la técnica de Modelado de Ecuaciones Estructurales (SEM). Los hallazgos indicaron que la policronicidad aumentó el comportamiento de procrastinación, el papel de la influencia de la mediación de conflictos. Además, la autonomía laboral actúa como un moderador negativo de la influencia de la policronicidad en el papel de los sucesos de conflicto, debilitando así todo el proceso de mediación entre la policronicidad y la conducta procrastinadora individual. Finalmente, los resultados se utilizan para mostrar las implicaciones teóricas y prácticas del modelo.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.6018/analesps.427401

Cites

4 of 4 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • La procrastinación se extiende a otras áreas como la laboral o tareas cotidianas como ir a la cama a dormir, y sus efectos impactan en diversos indicadores de desarrollo personal y social, incluyendo los económicos.

    “ya se sabe que se extiende a otras áreas como la laboral(Zhijie et al., 2022) o incluso al hacer tareas cotidianas como ir a la cama a dormir(Kroese et al., 2014), y que sus efectos impactan en diversos indicadores de desarrollo personal y social, incluyendo los económicos(Akerlof, 1991).”

    From Uso de redes sociales y procrastinación en estudiantes universitarios: una revisión sistemática (2023) · cites this paper as Zhijie et al., 2022

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 50

  1. Alvaro, C., Lyons, R. F., Warner, G., Hobfoll, S. E., Martens, P. J., Labonté, R., & Brown, R. E. (2010). Conservation of resources theory and re- search use in health systems. Implementation science: IS, 5, 79. https://doi.org/10.1186/1748-5908-5-79 · DOI
  2. Anser, M. K., Yousaf, Z., Sharif, M., Yijun, W., Majid, A., & Yasir, M. (2020). Investigating employee creativity through employee polychronicity and employee resilience: a glimpse of nurses working in the health-care sector. European Journal of Innovation Management. 25 (1), 39-54. https://doi.org/10.1108/ejim-05-2020-0176 · DOI
  3. Asghar, M., Gull, N., Bashir, M., & Akbar, M. (2018). The Impact of Work- Family Conflict on Turnover Intentions: The Moderating Role of Per- ceived Family Supportive Supervisor Behavior. Journal of Hotel & Busi- ness Management, 7, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.4172/2169-0286.1000178 · DOI
  4. Asghar, Muhammad, Gull, N., Tayyab, M., Zhijie, S., & Tao, X. (2020). Polychronicity at work: Work engagement as a mediator of the relationships between job outcomes. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 470-478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.002 · DOI
  5. Asghar, M., Tayyab, M., Gull, N., Zhijie, S., Shi, R., & Tao, X. (2021). Polychronicity, work engagement, and turnover intention: The moderating role of perceived organizational support in the hotel industry. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 129-139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.09.004 · DOI
  6. Bluedorn, A. C., Kalliath, T. J., Strube, M. J., & Martin, G. D. (1999). Polychronicity and the Inventory of Polychronic Values (IPV): The development of an instrument to measure a fundamental dimension of organizational culture. Journal of Managerial Psychology,. 14 (3/4), 205-231. https://doi.org/10.1108/02683949910263747 · DOI
  7. Botella, J., & Duran, J. I. (2019). A meta-analytical answer to the crisis of confidence of psychology. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 35(2), 350-356. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.2.345291 · DOI
  8. Carrier, L. M., Cheever, N. A., Rosen, L. D., Benitez, S., & Chang, J. (2009). Multitasking across generations: Multitasking choices and difficulty ratings in three generations of Americans. Computers in Human Behavior, 25(2), 483-489. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2008.10.012 · DOI · Paper page
  9. Chauhan, R. S., MacDougall, A. E., Buckley, M. R., Howe, D. C., Crisostomo, M. E., & Zeni, T. (2020). Better late than early? Reviewing procrastination in organizations. Management Research Review, 43 (10), 1289-1308. https://doi.org/10.1108/MRR-09-2019-0413. · DOI
  10. Conte, J. M., & Jacobs, R. R. (2003). Validity evidence linking polychronicity and big five personality dimensions to absence, lateness, and supervisory performance ratings. Human Performance, 16(2), 107-129. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1602_1 · DOI
  11. Deniz, M. E., & Satici, S. A. (2017). The relationships between big five personality traits and subjective vitality. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(2), 218-224. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.261911 · DOI
  12. van Dorssen-Boog, P., de Jong, J., Veld, M., & Van Vuuren, T. (2020). Self- leadership among healthcare workers: A mediator for the effects of job autonomy on work engagement and health. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1420. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01420 · DOI
  13. Ferrari, J. R., & Tice, D. M. (2000). Procrastination as a self-handicap for men and women: A task-avoidance strategy in a laboratory setting. anales de psicología / annals of psychology, 2022, vol. 38, nº 2 (may) Journal of Research in Personality, 34(1), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.1999.2261 · DOI
  14. de Freitas, C. P. P., Damásio, B. F., Tobo, P. R., Kamei, H. H., & Koller, S. H. (2016). Systematic review about personal growth initiative. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 32(3), 770-782. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.32.3.219101 · DOI
  15. Fuller, J. B., Hester, K., & Cox, S. S. (2010). Proactive personality and job performance: Exploring job autonomy as a moderator. Journal of Managerial Issues, 22, 35-51.
  16. Gull, N., Asghar, M., Ahmed, Q. A., Muhammad, A. R., Jameel, A. S., & Ali, S. (2021). Entrepreneurial orientation and international performance of born global firms: the mediating role of entrepreneurial competencies. Vilakshan-XIMB Journal of Management, 18(2), 122-137. https://doi.org/10.1108/XJM-06-2020-0009 · DOI
  17. Gupta, R., Hershey, D. A., & Gaur, J. (2012). Time perspective and procrastination in the workplace: An empirical investigation. Current Psychology, 31(2), 195-211. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-012-9136-3 · DOI
  18. Hair, J., Hollingsworth, C. L., Randolph, A. B. and Chong, A. Y. L. (2017). An updated and expanded assessment of PLS-SEM in information systems research. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(3), 442-458. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2016-0130. · DOI · Paper page
  19. Hair, J. F., Risher, J. J., Sarstedt, M. and Ringle, C. M. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31 (1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203 · DOI · Paper page
  20. Hair, J. F., Matthews, L. M., Matthews, R. L., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). PLS- SEM or CB-SEM: updated guidelines on which method to use. International Journal of Multivariate Data Analysis, 1(2), 107-123. https://doi.org/10.1504/ijmda.2017.10008574 · DOI
  21. He, S. (2017). A Multivariate Investigation into Academic Procrastination of University Students. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 5(10), 12-24. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2017.510002 · DOI
  22. Hecht, T. D., & Allen, N. J. (2005). Exploring links between polychronicity and well-being from the perspective of person-job fit: Does it matter if you prefer to do only one thing at a time? Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 98(2), 155-178. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2005.07.004 · DOI · Paper page
  23. Hobfoll, S. E. (2001). The influence of culture, community, and the nested-self in the stress process: Advancing conservation of resources theory. Applied Psychology, 50(3), 337-421. https://doi.org/10.1111/1464-0597.00062 · DOI · Paper page
  24. Hobfoll, S. E. (2012a). Conservation of resources and disaster in cultural context: The caravans and passageways for resources. Psychiatry: Interpersonal & Biological Processes, 75(3), 227-232. https://doi.org/10.1521/psyc.2012.75.3.227 · DOI
  25. Hobfoll, S. E. (2012b). Conservation of Resources Theory : Its Implication for Stress, Health, and Resilience. In S. Folkman (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Stress, Health, and Coping. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195375343.013.0007 · DOI
  26. Hobfoll, S. E., Halbesleben, J., Neveu, J.-P., & Westman, M. (2018). Conservation of resources in the organizational context: The reality of resources and their consequences. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 5, 103-128. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032117-104640 · DOI · Paper page
  27. Holmgreen, L., Tirone, V., Gerhart, J., & Hobfoll, S. E. (2017). Conserva- tion of Resources Theory: resource caravans and passageways in health contexts. In C. L. Cooper, J. C. Quick (Eds.), The handbook of stress and health: a guide to research and practice. John Wiley & Sons (pp. 443-457). https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118993811. · DOI
  28. Kandemir, M. (2014). Reasons of Academic Procrastination: Self-regulation, Academic Self-efficacy, Life Satisfaction and Demographics Variables. Procedia -Social and Behavioral Sciences, 152, 188-193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.09.179 · DOI
  29. Kern, J. H., Grandey, A. A., Lim, S., Cortina, L. M., Magley, V. J., Shahzad, A., Malik, R. K., Asurakkody, T. A., Shin, S. Y., French, H., Du Plessis, E., Scrooby, B., Jang, J., George, R. T., Samsiah, A., Othman, N., Jamshed, S., Hassali, M. A., Wan-Mohaina, W. M., … O'Loughlin, C. R. (2020). The moderating effects of selection, optimization, and compensation on the relationships between polychronicity and work- family conflict, organizational citizenship behaviors, and burnout. Journal of Nursing Management, 16(1), 95.
  30. Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.2307/20159571 · DOI · Paper page
  31. Kokoç, M. (2021). The mediating role of attention control in the link between multitasking with social media and academic performances among adolescents. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 62(4), 493-501. https://doi.org/10.1111/sjop.12731 · DOI
  32. Košíková, M., Loumová, V., Kovaľová, J., Vašaničová, P., & Bondarenko, V. M. (2020). A Cross-Culture Study of Academic Procrastination and Using Effective Time Management. Periodica Polytechnica Social and Management Sciences, 28(2), 121-128. https://doi.org/10.3311/PPso.13348 · DOI
  33. Lee, X., Yang, B., & Li, W. (2017). The influence factors of job satisfaction and its relationship with turnover intention: Taking early-career employees as an example. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 33(3), 697-707. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.3.238551 · DOI
  34. Mattarelli, E., Bertolotti, F., & Incerti, V. (2015). The interplay between organizational polychronicity, multitasking behaviors and organizational identification: A mixed-methods study in knowledge intensive organizations. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 79, 6-19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2015.02.002 · DOI
  35. Mohammed, S., & Nadkarni, S. (2014). Are we all on the same temporal page? The moderating effects of temporal team cognition on the polychronicity diversity-team performance relationship. Journal of Applied Psychology, 99(3), 404-422. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035640 · DOI
  36. Nayak, S. G. (2019). Impact of Procrastination and Time-Management on Academic Stress among Undergraduate Nursing Students: A Cross Sectional Study. International Journal of Caring Sciences, 12(3), 1480-1486.
  37. Pachler, D., Kuonath, A., Specht, J., Kennecke, S., Agthe, M., & Frey, D. (2018). Workflow interruptions and employee work outcomes: The moderating role of polychronicity. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology, 23(3), 417-427. https://doi.org/10.1037/ocp0000094 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Park, J., Yu, R., Rodriguez, F., Baker, R., Smyth, P., & Warschauer, M. (2018). Understanding Student Procrastination via Mixture Models. Pa- per presented at the International Conference on Educational Data Mining (EDM) (11th, Raleigh, NC, Jul 16-20, 2018). http://www.educationaldatamining.org
  39. Piko, B. F. (2006). Burnout, role conflict, job satisfaction and psychosocial health among Hungarian health care staff: A questionnaire survey. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 43(3), 311-318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2005.05.003 · DOI
  40. Rahi, S., & Abd Ghani, M. (2018). A structural equation modeling (SEM- AMOS) for investigating brand loyalty and customer's intention towards adoption of internet banking. Economic and Social Development: Book of Proceedings, 206-220
  41. Reinecke, L., Meier, A., Beutel, M. E., Schemer, C., Stark, B., Wölfling, K., & Müller, K. W. (2018). The relationship between trait procrastination, internet use, and psychological functioning: Results from a community sample of German adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(JUN), 913. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00913 · DOI
  42. Robinson, H. R., & Kalafatis, S. P. (2017). The 'Polychronicity-Multiple Media Use'(P-MMU) scale: a multi-dimensional scale to measure polychronicity in the context of multiple media use. Journal of Marketing Management, 33(17-18), 1421-1442. https://doi.org/10.1080/0267257X.2017.1383297 · DOI
  43. Steel, P. (2007). The nature of procrastination: a meta-analytic and theoretical review of quintessential self-regulatory failure. Psychological Bulletin, 133(1), 65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.028 · DOI · Paper page
  44. Suárez, V. J. C., & Pérez, J. J. R. (2013). Psycho-physiological response of soldiers in urban combat. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 29(2), 598-603. https://dx.doi.org/10.6018/analesps.29.2.150691 · DOI
  45. Sureda, E., Mancho, J., & Sesé, A. (2019). Psychosocial risk factors, organizational conflict and job satisfaction in Health professionals: A SEM model. Anales de Psicología/Annals of Psychology, 35(1), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.35.1.297711 · DOI
  46. Willemse, B. M., de Jonge, J., Smit, D., Depla, M. F. I. A., & Pot, A. M. (2012). The moderating role of decision authority and coworker-and supervisor support on the impact of job demands in nursing homes: A cross-sectional study. International Journal of Nursing Studies, 49(7), 822- 833. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijnurstu.2012.02.003 · DOI
  47. Xiaolong, T., Gull, N., Iqbal, S., Asghar, M., Nawaz, A., Albasher, G., ... & Maqsoom, A. (2021). Exploring and Validating the Effects of Mega Projects on Infrastructure Development Influencing Sustainable Environment and Project Management. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 1251. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.663199 · DOI
  48. Xiaolong, T., Gull, N., Akram, Z., Asghar, M., & Jianmin, Z. (2021). Does Polychronicity Undermine Procrastination Behavior Through ICTs? Insights From Multi-Level Modeling. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 733574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.733574 · DOI
  49. Zhijie, S., Asghar, M., Gull, N., Shi, R., & Akbar, M. (2019a). Entrepreneurial orientation: Dynamic role of network utilization among international performance of born global firms in Pakistan. BioCell, 43(3), 137-161
  50. Zhijie, S., Asghar, M., Gull, N., Shi, R., & Akbar, M. (2019b). Perceived organizational politics impact on organizational citizenship behavior: Job stress in the teachers. BioCell, 43(6), 356-376.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Zhijie, S., Gull, N., Asghar, M., Sarfraz, M., Shi, R., & Rafique, M. A.
Affiliations
  • Yanshan University (CN)
  • Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology (CN)
ORCID
Venue
Anales de Psicología
Publisher
Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia
Published
2022-04-19
Volume
38
Issue
2
Pages
355-364
ISSN
  • 0212-9728 (ISSN-L)
  • 1695-2294
DOI
10.6018/analesps.427401
OpenAlex
W4224284566
Cited by
17
References
4
Citations by year
2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 2
FWCI
3.66
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Anales de Psicología (publishedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
  • Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Job Satisfaction and Organizational Behavior
  • Social Sciences › Demography › Cyberloafing and Workplace Behavior
Keywords
procrastination, polychronicity, time perspective, workplace behavior, employee autonomy, conflict mediation, cross-cultural comparison, industrial workers

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review