Pre-sleep protein in casein supplement or whole-food form has no impact on resting energy expenditure or hunger in women
Open accessAbstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a whole-food protein (cottage cheese, CC) consumed before sleep on next-morning resting energy expenditure (REE), RER and appetite compared with an isoenergetic/isonitrogenous casein protein (CP) supplement and placebo (PL) in active women. In a beverage-blinded, randomised, cross-over design, ten active women (age, 23·1 ( sd 1·9) years; body fat, 22·0 ( sd 4·6) %) consumed pre-sleep CC (30 g of protein, 10 g of carbohydrate and 0 g of fat) or energy- and protein-matched liquid CP or PL (0 kJ). Participants arrived at 18.00 hours for an overnight stay in the laboratory. At 30–60 min before normal bed time (2 h post standard meal), participants consumed CC, CP or PL before measurement of REE. Upon waking (05.00–08.00 hours), REE was repeated and subjective appetite was recorded. Statistical analyses were conducted using repeated-measures ANOVA (SPSS). Significance was accepted at P ≤0·05. There were no significant differences in acute REE (CC, 7217 ( sd 1368); CP, 7188 ( SD 895); PL, 7075 ( sd 1108) kJ/d, P =0·95), acute RER (0·79 ( sd 0·05), P =0·56), morning REE (CC, 5840 ( sd 1225); CP, 5694 ( sd 732); PL, 5991 ( sd 903) kJ/d, P =0·79) or morning RER (0·77 ( sd 0·03), P =0·52). Subjective measures of appetite were not different between groups. In active women, pre-sleep consumption of CC does not alter REE or RER more than a CP or PL beverage. These data suggest that the metabolic response from whole-food protein do not differ from the metabolic response of liquid protein.
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Consuming chocolate milk before sleep increases resting and exercise carbohydrate oxidation.
“It has also been shown that consuming chocolate milk before sleep increases resting and exercise carbohydrate oxidation”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [261]
The Discussion reports that an earlier study of pre-sleep chocolate milk in female runners found increased next-morning resting energy expenditure, not increased carbohydrate oxidation. It also says its unchanged RER results—an indirect measure of fuel use—agree with previous research, including that chocolate-milk study. The paper does not report an increase in exercise carbohydrate oxidation. (LLM, conf=0.76)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsuming chocolate milk before sleep did not translate to improved next-morning running performance in female athletes.
“but this did not translate to improved next-morning running performance in female athletes [261]”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [261]
The Discussion describes pre-sleep chocolate milk in competitive female runners but discusses their next-morning metabolism, not running performance. The performance finding appears only in the title of a different study, Ormsbee et al. (2016), listed as reference 3; this paper did not test or report that performance outcome. (LLM, conf=0.86) It matches “Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes” (2016) instead.
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredConsuming protein before sleep may have beneficial responses in women, such as reduced muscle soreness and improvements in recovery, with no changes to lipolysis or fat oxidation.
“Recent research indicates that consuming protein before sleep may have beneficial responses in women, such as reduced muscle soreness and improvements in recovery, with no changes to lipolysis or fat oxidation [261].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [261]
The Abstract describes pre-sleep nutrition as a possible way to enhance recovery, and Energy expenditure and resting metabolism reports no significant change in RER, an indirect measure of fuel use. But this study in active women did not measure muscle soreness or recovery, and unchanged RER does not establish unchanged lipolysis or directly measure fat oxidation. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSome data support an increased next-morning resting metabolic rate following pre-sleep protein ingestion.
“Some data support an increased next-morning resting metabolic rate following pre-sleep protein ingestion; however, it is unclear if this result is positive or negative and likely depends upon the goal of the athlete [261].”
From International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete (2023) · cites this paper as [261]
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Nighttime feeding likely alters morning metabolism but not exercise performance in female athletes
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International society of sports nutrition position stand: nutritional concerns of the female athlete
Sims, S. T., Kerksick, C. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Janse de Jonge, X. A. K., Hirsch, K. R., Arent, S. M., Hewlings, S. J., Kleiner, S. M., Bustillo, E., Tartar, J. L., et al. (2023) · Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition · doi:10.1080/15502783.2023.2204066 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
“protein food (cottage cheese) versus a high-protein (casein) liquid shake [262].”
BackgroundSelf-citation
- Authors
- Leyh, S. M., Willingham, B. D., Baur, D. A., Panton, L. B., & Ormsbee, M. J.
- Affiliations
- Florida State University (US)
- Elon University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ormsbee, Michael J.
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2018-09-25
- Volume
- 120
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 988-994
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2892896428
- Cited by
- 15
- References
- 23
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 3 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 0.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Florida State University
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Dietary Effects on Health
- Keywords
- cottage cheese, resting energy expenditure, respiratory exchange ratio, appetite, subjective hunger, women
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Anthropometry, Appetite, Body Composition, Energy Intake, Caseins, Dietary Proteins, Energy Metabolism, Female, Humans, Life Style, Rest, Sleep, Cross-Over Studies, Dietary Supplements, Young Adult
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