Greater stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis with ingestion of whey protein isolate v. micellar casein at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men
Open accessAbstract
We aimed to determine the effect of consuming pure isolated micellar casein or pure whey protein isolate on rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis (MPS) at rest and after resistance exercise in elderly men. Healthy elderly men (72 ( sem 1) years; BMI 26·4 ( sem 0·7) kg/m 2 ) were divided into two groups ( n 7 each) who received a primed, constant infusion of l -[ ring - 13 C 6 ]phenylalanine to measure MPS at rest and during 4 h of exercise recovery. Participants performed unilateral leg resistance exercise followed by the consumption of isonitrogenous quantities (20 g) of casein or whey. Blood essential amino acids and leucine concentration peaked 60 min post-drink and were greater in amplitude after whey protein ingestion (both, P < 0·05). MPS in the rested leg was 65 % higher ( P = 0·002) after ingestion of whey (0·040 ( sem 0·003) %/h) when compared with micellar casein (0·024 ( sem 0·002) %/h). Similarly, resistance exercise-stimulated rates of MPS were greater ( P < 0·001) after whey ingestion (0·059 ( sem 0·005) %/h) v. micellar casein (0·035 ( sem 0·002) %/h). We conclude that ingestion of isolated whey protein supports greater rates of MPS than micellar casein both at rest and after resistance exercise in healthy elderly men. This result is probably related to a greater hyperaminoacidaemia or leucinaemia with whey ingestion.
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Different types of proteins (e.g., casein, whey, and soy) are digested at different rates, which may affect whole body catabolism and anabolism and acute stimulation of muscle protein synthesis.
“For example, different types of proteins (e.g., casein, whey, and soy) are digested at different rates, which may affect whole body catabolism and anabolism and acute stimulation of muscle protein synthesis (MPS) [91–96].”
From ISSN exercise & sports nutrition review update: research & recommendations (2018) · cites this paper as [96]
The Discussion (page unavailable) contrasts rapidly digested whey with slower micellar casein, and the Results (page unavailable) report greater myofibrillar protein synthesis after whey ingestion in elderly men. The paper does not establish different digestion rates for soy or measure effects on whole-body catabolism and anabolism. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn young and old people alike, protein ingestion together with exercise training increased synthesis of skeletal muscle; effects were evident for both aerobic exercise and resistance exercise.
“In young and old people alike, protein ingestion together with exercise training increased synthesis of skeletal muscle 24,30,52,53,139 ; effects were evident for both aerobic exercise 51,52 and resistance exercise.24,30,139”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
The Results report that myofibrillar protein synthesis in elderly men was greater after resistance exercise plus protein ingestion than after feeding alone. The Experimental protocol describes a single acute bout of resistance exercise, not exercise training. This citation is attached to the resistance-exercise portion of the sentence; the aerobic-exercise portion cites other sources. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn older men, whey protein stimulated postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than casein, an effect attributed to a combination of whey's faster digestion and absorption kinetics and possibly to its higher leucine content.
“In older men, whey protein (a “fast” milk-derived protein) stimulated postprandial muscle protein accretion more effectively than casein (a “slow” milk-derived protein), an effect that is attributed to a combination of whey's faster digestion and absorption kinetics and possibly to its higher leucine content.30,61,143”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
The Discussion reports greater postprandial myofibrillar protein synthesis with whey than with micellar casein in elderly men, and links whey's effect to rapid digestion and high leucine content. The study measured protein synthesis, however, not net muscle protein accretion, which also depends on protein breakdown. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDifferences in absorption kinetics and the subsequent impact on muscle protein metabolism extend beyond the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid profiles.
“differences in absorption kinetics, and the subsequent impact on muscle protein metabolism appear to extend beyond the degree of hydrolysis and amino acid profiles [69, 86, 90–92].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Discussion (page unavailable) links differences in protein form and solubility to absorption kinetics, while the Results report greater myofibrillar protein synthesis after whey than micellar casein in elderly men. The paper does not establish that the metabolic difference is independent of amino acid profiles or degree of hydrolysis; the proteins compared also differed in amino acid content. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredWhey proteins yield a high concentration of amino acids in the blood (aminoacidemia) that facilitates greater activation of MPS and net muscle protein accretion in direct comparison to other protein choices.
“These characteristics yield a high concentration of amino acids in the blood (aminoacidemia) [69, 87] that facilitates greater activation of MPS and net muscle protein accretion, in direct comparison to other protein choices [50, 69, 91].”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Results report a larger rise in blood essential amino acids and leucine, and greater myofibrillar protein synthesis, after whey than after micellar casein in elderly men. The Abstract describes the amino-acid rise as a probable explanation, not an established cause. The study did not establish greater net muscle protein accretion or compare whey directly with protein choices beyond micellar casein. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
In a fasted state, MPS rates are lower and muscle protein balance is negative.
“In contrast, MPS rates are lower in a fasted state and muscle protein balance is negative.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Abstract and Discussion describe stimulation of myofibrillar protein synthesis after protein ingestion, which supports the general contrast with a fasted state. But the Experimental protocol reports only a baseline blood sample after an overnight fast, and the paper does not establish that muscle protein balance was negative while fasting. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe major contributing factor to the MPS response to a protein-containing meal is the EAA content.
“the major contributing factor to this response is the EAA content”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Experimental protocol reports that whey provided more EAA than casein, and the Results report both a larger rise in blood EAA and greater MPS after whey ingestion. But the Discussion attributes the response to the amplitude and possibly the rate of the rise in circulating amino acids, including leucine; it does not establish EAA content alone as the major contributing factor. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredDuring the post-prandial phase (1-4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.
“During the post-prandial phase (1–4 h after a meal) MPS is elevated, resulting in a positive muscle protein balance.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Results (page unavailable) report myofibrillar protein synthesis after ingestion of whey or casein during a four-hour study in elderly men. The paper does not establish that MPS is elevated throughout 1–4 hours after a meal generally, or that the elevation results in positive muscle protein balance; it measured synthesis, not net balance. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMPS increases approximately 30-100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance.
“MPS increases approximately 30–100% in response to a protein-containing meal to promote a positive net protein balance”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Results (page unavailable) report myofibrillar protein synthesis after protein ingestion and show that whey stimulated higher rates than casein in elderly men. The paper does not establish a 30–100% increase relative to a pre-meal baseline or report a positive net protein balance; its reported 65% difference compares two proteins, not feeding with no feeding. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.
“The anabolic response to feeding is pronounced but transient.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Results report that whey feeding stimulated myofibrillar protein synthesis in elderly men, supporting an anabolic response. But the Discussion describes a sustained elevation in synthesis from 3 to 6 hours and distinguishes this from the relatively transient rise in blood amino acids. It does not support calling the anabolic response itself transient. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIngestion of isolated whey protein supported greater rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis than micellar casein both at rest and after resistance exercise in healthy older men.
“Burd 2012 30 Ingestion of isolated whey protein supported greater rates of myofibrillar protein synthesis than micellar casein both at rest and after resistance exercise in healthy older men.”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as Burd 2012 30
High-leucine-containing and rapidly digested whey proteins showed an advantage over isolated casein and soy proteins, particularly in short-term experiments.
“High-leucineecontaining and rapidly digested whey proteins showed an advantage over isolated casein and soy proteins, 24,30,61,139 which was particularly evident in short-term experiments.62,143”
From Evidence-Based Recommendations for Optimal Dietary Protein Intake in Older People: A Position Paper From the PROT-AGE Study Group (2013) · cites this paper as [30]
The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.
“The concentration of EAA in the blood (plasma) regulates protein synthesis rates within muscle at rest and post exercise.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.
“Protein accretion only occurs in the fed state.”
From International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise (2017) · cites this paper as [91]
The Experimental protocol describes only fed conditions, and the Results report myofibrillar protein synthesis rates after feeding. Our copy does not compare net protein accretion in fed and fasted states or establish that it occurs only in the fed state (searched: accretion, fasted net protein balance). (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Burd, N. A., Yang, Y., Moore, D. R., Tang, J. E., Tarnopolsky, M. A., & Phillips, S. M.
- Affiliations
- McMaster University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Phillips, Stuart M.
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Nutrition
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-01-31
- Volume
- 108
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 958-962
- ISSN
- 0007-1145 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2662
- OpenAlex
- W2140577515
- Cited by
- 276
- References
- 24
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 25 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 21 · 2015: 23 · 2014: 17 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 6
- FWCI
- 9.09
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- British Journal Of Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Keywords
- myofibrillar protein synthesis, whey protein isolate, micellar casein, resistance training, older men, leucine, essential amino acids, protein supplementation, post-exercise recovery
- MeSH terms
- Whey Proteins, Aged, Aging, Amino Acids, Biopsy, Needle, Carbon Isotopes, Caseins, Humans, Kinetics, Male, Micelles, Milk Proteins, Muscle Proteins, Myofibrils, Dietary Supplements, Quadriceps Muscle, Resistance Training, Sarcopenia
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