Into the Unknown: AI Adoption and Job Satisfaction of Christian Faculty

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Those who have a higher theoretical and practical understanding of AI are more ready to use it and have a more positive attitude toward it.

“Those who have a higher theoretical and practical understanding of AI are more ready to use it and have a more positive attitude toward it (Jöhnk, et al., 2021).”

• cites Jöhnk, et al., 2021 sourcePartly supported

  The Knowledge discussion (section 4.3; page unavailable in our copy) says AI awareness helps employees understand AI’s applications and form adequate expectations. The change-management discussion says explaining AI’s benefits can increase employee acceptance. But the paper addresses organizational readiness; it does not establish that people with greater theoretical and practical understanding are individually more ready to use AI or have more positive attitudes than others. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Those who are not as ready to use AI have a hard time trusting the tool and fear that AI will cause them to lose their jobs.

“Those who are not as ready note that they have a hard time trusting the tool and fear that AI will cause them to lose their jobs (Chounta et al., 2022;Ofosu-Ampong, 2024).”

• cites Chounta et al., 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ofosu-Ampong, 2024 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Member checking, triangulation, and bracketing were additional strategies used to ensure trustworthiness.

“Additional strategies to ensure trustworthiness included member checking, triangulation, and bracketing (Yadav, 2022).”

• cites Yadav, 2022 sourcePartly supported

  Table 6 (Declarations; page unavailable) lists triangulation and respondent validation—presenting tentative analyses to respondents for feedback—as strategies to enrich trustworthiness. It also lists reflexivity about researcher preconceptions and biases, but does not identify bracketing as a strategy, so that part of the cited list is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

May combine two claims.

Perceived behavioral control is a construct of the Theory of Planned Behavior and has been found to be statistically significant in the intention to use AI among program designers and higher educators.

“Perceived behavioral control is a construct of the Theory of Planned Behavior and has been found to be statistically significant in the intention to use AI among program designers and higher educators (Ivanov et al., 2024;Jiao & Cao, 2024).”

• cites Ivanov et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jiao & Cao, 2024 sourcePartly supported

  The TPB literature-review section identifies perceived behavioral control as a TPB construct. The Findings (Structural model; page unavailable) report a significant positive association with intention to use AI-aided design (b = 0.556, p < 0.001). However, the Methods (Participants; page unavailable) describe art-and-design students and design practitioners, not specifically program designers or higher educators; this paper does not support those population labels. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first four themes addressed faculty perceptions of AI, and the remaining three themes highlighted how those perceptions influenced job satisfaction.

“The first four, Journey from Fear and Resistance to Cautious Integration, Navigating the Ethical Dilemma, Utilizing AI as a Tool, and Human Authenticity vs. Dehumanization, addressed faculty perceptions of AI.The remaining three, Lack of Institutional Compass, Christian Lens and Job Expectations, and Disparate Experiences, highlighted how perceptions influenced job satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Four themes answered research question one, with three of those themes having subthemes, and three themes answered research question two.

“Four themes were generated answering research question one with three of the themes having subthemes and three themes were generated answering research question two.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Seven themes emerged from the analysis of the data.

“Seven themes emerged.”

• Also stated in: § Findings · plain

  “There were seven total themes generated from a list of 95 total codes to answer the two research questions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A codebook was created with a total of 95 unique codes and associated quotes.

“A codebook was created with a total of 95 unique codes and associated quotes.”

May combine two claims.

Participants' lived experiences with AI use yielded three subthemes: growth in AI proficiency, emotional responses to AI, and viewing AI as an antagonist.

“Three specific subthemes came out of their lived experiences related to (1) growth in proficiency in the use of AI, (2) emotional responses in the use of AI, and (3) viewing AI as an antagonist.”

May combine two claims.

All six participants described struggling with determining clear ethical boundaries for AI use in their work roles and navigating internal conflicts about AI use.

“All six participants described struggling with determining clear ethical boundaries for use of AI in their work roles, as well as navigating internal conflicts in the use of AI.”

May combine two claims.

All participants described utilizing AI to assist with job responsibilities, and use of AI as a tool was a notable finding.

“A notable finding that emerged from the data included the use of AI as a tool.All participants in the study described utilizing AI to assist with job responsibilities.”

May combine two claims.

Participants were working through the challenge of using AI themselves while informing and reminding students that they could not use AI in their courses.

“Participants are working through the challenges of using AI themselves while informing and reminding students they could not use AI in their courses.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Participants' responses about expectations related to AI use and job satisfaction ranged widely.

“There was a wide range of responses from the participants.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Although institutional leadership has provided guidance, it is difficult to implement at the faculty level.

“Though institutional leadership has provided guidance, it is difficult to implement at the faculty level.”

May combine two claims.

Some faculty emphasized the importance of human authenticity to the teaching process and felt that overuse of AI in the classroom dehumanized the experience for faculty and students.

“Some faculty emphasized the importance of the human authenticity to the teaching process and felt that the overuse of AI in the classroom dehumanized the experience for the faculty and student.”

May combine two claims.

Collectively, participants expressed distinct limitations of AI and the importance of human expertise, embodied teaching practices, and empathy from lived experience.

“Collectively, the participants expressed the distinct limitations of AI and the importance of human expertise, embodied teaching practices, and empathy from lived experience.”

May combine two claims.

Faculty valued human authenticity when generating course content and considered a need to limit how AI-generated content is integrated into a course.

“Faculty expressed the value of human authenticity when generating course content, though the need to limit how AIgenerated content is integrated into a course was considered.”

May combine two claims.

AI goes beyond task support by allowing participants to generate assignments and further engage students.

“However, AI goes beyond task support by allowing participants to generate assignments and further engage students.”

May combine two claims.

Participants found AI's lack of lived experience to contextualize responses problematic, even though AI can generate empathetic statements.

“While AI can generate empathetic statements, participants found the lack of lived experience to contextualize the response to be problematic.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There is an underlying emphasis on the importance of the distinct human contribution as a faculty member.

“However, there is an underlying emphasis on the importance of the distinct human contribution as a faculty member.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paul, as a faculty mentor, is working to bridge the gap between AI and faculty.

“Paul, as a faculty mentor, is working to bridge the gap between AI and faculty.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Subthemes focused specifically on internal conflicts, setting appropriate ethical boundaries, and unethical uses of AI.

“Subthemes focused specifically on internal conflicts, setting appropriate ethical boundaries, and unethical uses of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much of the disapproval of AI comes from the inability of AI to provide hands-on training.

“Much of the disapproval comes from the inability of AI to provide hands-on training.”

May combine two claims.

All participants were Christians teaching in a Christian institution.

“All the participants are Christians teaching in a Christian institution.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each of the core themes was linked back to previous literature.

“each of the themes were also linked back to previous literature.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Paul emphasized the importance of AI users coming together to pioneer boundaries and best practices.

“Additionally, Paul emphasized the importance of coming together, as AI users, to work together to pioneer those boundaries and best practices.”

May combine two claims.

While the dehumanizing quality of AI was negatively perceived, a productive application was discovered by the participant.

“It is interesting to note that, while the dehumanizing quality of AI was negatively perceived, a productive application was discovered by the participant.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some participants expressed a desire to be ahead of others in AI use.

“Some expressed the desire to be ahead of others in the use of AI.”

May combine two claims.

AI was used for the creation of case studies, review questions, games, and test bank creation.

“AI was also used for the creation of case studies, review questions, games, and test bank creation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants reported that students can misinterpret the attitude or tone of their email communication and that AI is particularly useful for revising to address these issues.

“They reported that students can misinterpret the attitude or tone of their email communication, and that AI is particularly useful for revising to address these issues.”

May combine two claims.

Although participants acknowledged a need to instruct students in AI technology, logistical, ethical, and practical boundaries still need to be established or clarified.

“While there is an acknowledgement that there is a need to instruct students in this developing technology, there are still logistical, ethical, and practical boundaries that need to be established or clarified.”

May combine two claims.

Participants had varying experiences with AI use, and several expressed concerns over that use.

“The participants had varying experiences with AI use and several expressed concerns over that use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Several faculty members reported that job expectations in a Christian institution are higher.

“Several faculty members reported that job expectations in a Christian institution are higher.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Participants taught different disciplines and thus had varied experiences.

“However, they teach different disciplines and thus have varied experiences.”

May combine two claims.

While some boundaries such as plagiarism, academic misconduct, and Turnitin rules are clearer, some faculty wrestle with what AI tools or processes are appropriate to teach students.

“While some boundaries are clearer, such as rules regarding plagiarism, academic misconduct, and the use of Turnitin, some faculty wrestle with what, if any, AI tools or processes are appropriate to teach students.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To model behavior for future teachers, faculty modeled their behavior and guided students.

“To model the behavior for future teachers, the faculty modeled their behavior and guided them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Due to the lack of well-established norms for AI, Paul relied on self-training to learn about AI.

“Due to the lack of well-established norms when dealing with AI, Paul had to rely on self-training to learn about AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

When AI is efficient in saving time to complete tasks, using AI preserves time for better and more effective interaction.

“However, when AI is efficient in saving time to complete their tasks, using AI preserves time for better and effective interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are disparate views regarding what is and is not appropriate AI usage.

“There are disparate views regarding what is and is not appropriate AI usage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each of the core themes was supported throughout the data.

“each of the core themes were supported throughout the data.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Although technology can be leveraged effectively in various ways, AI has limitations as requests become more specialized.

“While technology can be leveraged effectively in a variety of ways, there are limitations as the requests of AI become more specialized.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The first four themes-Journey from Fear and Resistance to Cautious Integration, Navigating the Ethical Dilemma, Utilizing AI as a Tool, and Human Authenticity versus Dehumanization-spoke to the initial research question focused on faculty experience utilizing AI in teaching.

“The first four themes, Journey from Fear and Resistance to Cautious Integration, Navigating the Ethical Dilemma, Utilizing AI as a Tool, and Human Authenticity versus Dehumanization, spoke to the initial research question which focused on faculty experience utilizing AI in teaching.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The participants provided rich, detailed narratives about their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings regarding their utilization of AI and how that utilization influenced their job satisfaction.

“The participants provided rich, detailed narratives about their perceptions, thoughts, and feelings regarding their utilization of AI”

May combine two claims.

The participants in the study expressed negative or positive job satisfaction concerning AI usage.

“The participants in the study expressed negative or positive job satisfaction concerning AI usage.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

This study explored and presented the lived experiences of a sample of six Christian higher education faculty members.

“This study explored and presented the lived experiences of a sample of six Christian higher education faculty members.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The second research question focused on how these perceptions affected their job satisfaction and includes themes of Lack of Institutional Compass, Christian Lens and Job Expectations, and Disparate Experiences with AI on Job Satisfaction.

“The second research question focused on how these perceptions affected their job satisfaction and includes themes of Lack of Institutional Compass, Christian Lens and Job Expectations, and Disparate Experiences with AI on Job Satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some faculty raised questions about whether AI is applicable to all disciplines.

“While the faculty expressed concerns and delight for the use of AI through their statements, some raised questions about whether it is applicable to all disciplines.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

Findings from this study aligned with Schreiner's three dimensions for job expectations through a Christian lens.

“Findings from this study aligned with these dimensions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Paul expressed a similar attitude when he said Christian institutions must be pioneers or leaders in the use of AI.

“Paul expressed a similar attitude when he said Christian institutions must be pioneers or leaders in the use of AI.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The data collection process revealed 95 unique codes which were condensed into seven overarching themes representing these lived experiences.

“The data collection process revealed 95 unique codes which were condensed into seven overarching themes representing these lived experiences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Bracketing was performed prior to interviews to minimize researcher bias.

“Bracketing was performed prior to interviews to minimize researcher bias (Moustakas, 1994).”

• cites Moustakas, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Teacher satisfaction with AI is predicated on multiple factors, including teacher attitudes toward AI, confidence in using AI, ability to automate administrative tasks, training in AI use, and supportive leadership and a collaborative school culture.

“Teacher satisfaction with AI is predicated on multiple factors.These include teacher attitudes toward the use of AI, teacher confidence in using AI, the ability to automate administrative tasks, training in the use of AI, and supportive leadership and a collaborative school culture (Bawaneh et al., 2025).”

• cites Bawaneh et al., 2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

How to effectively implement AI in higher education institutions is not clear.

“However, how to effectively implement AI in higher education institutions (HEI) is not clear (Ofusu-Ampong, 2024).”

• cites Ofusu-Ampong, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The transcripts were cleaned, read, and reread independently by all seven researchers, and the team developed meaning units (codes).

“The transcripts were cleaned, read, and reread independently by all seven researchers and the team developed meaning units (codes).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each theme and subtheme is supported by participant quotes.

“Each of the themes and subthemes are supported by participant quotes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study had a short time frame.

“Limitations include a small sample size, social desirability, and a short time frame.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Each code was validated with quotes.

“Each code was then validated with quotes.”

May combine two claims.

Three data collection methods-semi-structured interviews, Canvas discussion board focus groups, and Canvas journal entries-ensured triangulation and enhanced the trustworthiness of the findings.

“Three data collection methods, which were semi-structured interviews, canvas discussion board focus groups, and Canvas journal entries, ensured triangulation and enhanced the trustworthiness of the findings (Creswell & Poth, 2025).”

• cites Creswell & Poth, 2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.

“The study received Institutional Review Board (IRB) approval.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A transcendental phenomenological approach was appropriate for capturing and describing participants' lived experiences.

“This approach was appropriate as it emphasizes understanding participants' experiences from their own perspectives, aligning with the study's aim to capture and describe these lived experiences (Moustakas, 1994).”

• cites Moustakas, 1994 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Social desirability was a limitation of the study.

“Limitations include a small sample size, social desirability, and a short time frame.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study had a small sample size.

“Limitations include a small sample size, social desirability, and a short time frame.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

To ensure confidentiality, pseudonyms were assigned and all data were stored in a password-protected Canvas shell accessible only to the research team.

“To ensure confidentiality, pseudonyms were assigned, and all data were stored in a password-protected Canvas shell accessible only to the research team.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.

“Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to data collection.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All seven researchers met, debated, and formulated the final themes.

“All seven researchers met, debated, and formulated the final themes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An audit trail was maintained throughout the research process to ensure trustworthiness and confirmability.

“To ensure trustworthiness and confirmability, an audit trail was maintained throughout the research process (Hayashi et al., 2019).”

• cites Hayashi et al., 2019 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Lack of authoritative institutional boundaries results in confusion about what generated content is appropriate and leads to fear and discomfort as participants navigate evolving technology.

“This lack of authoritative institutional boundaries not only results in confusion regarding what kind of generated content is appropriate but leads to fear and discomfort as participants work to navigate this evolving technology.”

May combine two claims.

When used appropriately, AI can improve the productivity of faculty in higher education and allow for faculty to teach more effectively through active learning and engaging activities.

“When used appropriately, AI can improve the productivity of faculty in higher education and allow for faculty to teach more effectively through active learning and engaging activities (Bawaneh et al., 2025;Moore & Lookadoo, 2024;Nararetsky et al., 2022).”

• cites Bawaneh et al., 2025Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moore & Lookadoo, 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Nararetsky et al., 2022Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The novelty and evolution of AI technology put pressure on faculty to become experts and participate in pioneering standards.

“However, the novelty and evolution of the technology put pressure on the faculty to become experts and participate in the pioneering of these standards.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Written communication may lack the vocal affectations and body language needed to fully express the intent of the faculty's feedback.

“Written communication may lack the vocal affectations and body language needed to fully express the intent of the faculty's feedback.”

May combine two claims.

Navigating how to mentor and lead students through appropriate AI use is challenging for Christian educators who reportedly hold themselves to high ethical standards when there are not always clear and specific rules and much of AI use is subjective.

“Navigating how to mentor and lead students through appropriate use is challenging, as Christian educators who reportedly hold themselves to high ethical standards when there are not always clear and specific rules, and much of AI use is subjective.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

One would expect several Christian universities will also take bold steps to develop a Christian framework to foster AI use for kingdom advancement.

“As the University of South Florida had the vision”

• cites Kam & Kim, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nam, 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Young-Ju Ham, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Through his statement, Paul indicated that faculty in Christian higher education must be willing to adopt innovations sooner rather than later.

“Through his statement, he indicated that faculty in Christian higher education must be willing to adopt innovations sooner rather than later.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Sulkowski et al. challenged Christian universities to integrate AI and similar technologies to enhance student learning experiences for future opportunities and development.

“Sulkowski et al. (2024) challenged Christian universities to integrate AI and similar technologies to enhance student learning experiences for future opportunities and development.”

• cites Sulkowski et al., 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Self-report may force participants to make socially acceptable statements.

“Additionally, self-report may force participants to make socially acceptable statements.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Lang described the responsibility of Christian institutions to lead the way on ethical AI adoption and even establish AI institutes so that innovations can be made for the greater good.

“Lang (2023a) described the responsibility of Christian institutions to lead the way on ethical AI adoption and even establish AI institutes, as demonstrated by the University of South Florida, so that innovations can be made for the greater good (2024).”

• cites Lang, 2023aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

While desiring to support their faculty, the rapid evolution of AI technology and its diverse applications make crafting a one-size-fits-all solution difficult.

“While desiring to support their faculty, the rapid evolution of this technology and its diverse applications make crafting a one-size-fits-all solution difficult (Yarovenko et al., 2024;Jun-Seop & Ham, 2020).”

• cites Yarovenko et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Jun-Seop & Ham, 2020Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI technology is novel and persistently evolving, placing a burden on faculty to become experts in this expanding technology.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The role of faculty and the type of tool available may impact their job satisfaction.

“The role of faculty and the type of tool available may impact their job satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The interviews were completed back-to-back.

“The interviews were completed back-toback.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The faith integration of AI into educational curricula would ensure the spiritual and ethical objectives of Christian learning are not compromised but rather serve as a tool to fulfill God's purpose in education.

“The faith integration of Artificial intelligence (AI) into educational curricula would ensure the spiritual and ethical objectives of Christian learning are not compromised but rather serve as a tool to fulfill God's purpose in education.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Faculty examine everything through the Christian lens.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

The novelty and rapid evolution of AI provide an opportunity for faculty who use this technology to set the standard rather than have it imposed upon them.

“However, this does provide an opportunity for faculty who use this technology to set the standard rather than have it imposed upon them.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI technology is novel and persistently evolving, placing a burden on faculty to become experts in this expanding technology.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Role modeling by faculty can result in personal fulfillment and affect meaningful change in the community.

“Role modeling by faculty can result in personal fulfillment and affect meaningful change in the community (Lee et al., 2024;Schreiner, 2018Schreiner, , 2022)).”

• cites Lee et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schreiner, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schreiner, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Kim and Lee et al. warned that institutions must establish guidelines for proper AI use, especially in Christian settings.

“Kim (2020) and Lee et al. (2024) warned that institutions must establish guidelines for proper AI use, especially in Christian settings.”

• cites Kim, 2020 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Lee et al., 2024 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Christian universities can take the lead from the University of South Florida to the next level where faculty and students learn and practice ethical use of AI in their day-to-day lives.

“While several universities are following the lead from the University of South Florida, Christian universities can take it to the next level where faculty and students learn and practice ethical use of AI in their day-to-day lives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The research questions and the purpose were predetermined for the group because the study was facilitated by an organized faculty training event.

“The research questions and the purpose were predetermined for the group since this was facilitated by an organized faculty training event.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

While recurring themes were noted, the data were not quantified.

“While recurring themes were noted, the data were not quantified.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Schreiner identified three dimensions for job expectations through a Christian lens: individual growth, communal benefit, and Kingdom advancement.

“Schreiner (2018Schreiner ( , 2022) ) identified three dimensions for job expectations through a Christian lens: individual growth, communal benefit, and Kingdom advancement.”

• cites Schreiner, 2018 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Schreiner, 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

New faculty must be oriented to multifaceted professional development, including the use of AI and related organizational policies, so that they will adopt appropriate AI functions.

“New faculty must be oriented to the multifaceted professional development, including the use of AI and related organizational policies so that they will adopt the appropriate AI functions as they continue their journey as faculty (Cockle et al., 2022;Sulkowski et al., 2024).”

• cites Cockle et al., 2022 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sulkowski et al., 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Through faculty experimentation and collaboration, faculty may be best suited to establish the boundaries and best practices to ensure optimal learning experiences for students.

“While this may result in a period of uncertainty, through faculty experimentation and collaboration, they may be best suited to establish the boundaries and best practices to ensure optimal learning experiences for students (Kam & Kim, 2024;Nam. 2023).”

• cites Kam & Kim, 2024Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Nam. 2023Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Implications of this research speak to the importance of the varied and diverse lived experiences of Christian higher education faculty and staff in utilizing AI, and how this might translate into desired training, guidance, policies and organizational structures for the future.

“to the importance of the varied and diverse lived experiences of Christian higher education faculty and staff in utilizing AI, and how this might translate into desired training, guidance, policies and organizational structures for the future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

While this study was limited in scope, its implications require the need for Christian educators to align with the changing dynamics of the digital era, while remaining rooted in biblical principles and its foundational mission.

“While this study was limited in scope, its implications require the need for Christian educators to align with the changing dynamics of the digital era, while remaining rooted in biblical principles and its foundational mission.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Faculty examine everything through the Christian lens.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The novelty and rapid evolution of AI have left university leadership in a difficult position.

“This has left university leadership in a difficult position.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI is having a sweeping impact on nearly every field and thereby affecting the vast majority of faculty.
• AssumptionRests on an assumption: AI technology is novel and persistently evolving, placing a burden on faculty to become experts in this expanding technology.