Criteria for Good Qualitative Research: A Comprehensive Review
Open accessAbstract
This review aims to synthesize a published set of evaluative criteria for good qualitative research. The aim is to shed light on existing standards for assessing the rigor of qualitative research encompassing a range of epistemological and ontological standpoints. Using a systematic search strategy, published journal articles that deliberate criteria for rigorous research were identified. Then, references of relevant articles were surveyed to find noteworthy, distinct, and well-defined pointers to good qualitative research. This review presents an investigative assessment of the pivotal features in qualitative research that can permit the readers to pass judgment on its quality and to condemn it as good research when objectively and adequately utilized. Overall, this review underlines the crux of qualitative research and accentuates the necessity to evaluate such research by the very tenets of its being. It also offers some prospects and recommendations to improve the quality of qualitative research. Based on the findings of this review, it is concluded that quality criteria are the aftereffect of socio-institutional procedures and existing paradigmatic conducts. Owing to the paradigmatic diversity of qualitative research, a single and specific set of quality criteria is neither feasible nor anticipated. Since qualitative research is not a cohesive discipline, researchers need to educate and familiarize themselves with applicable norms and decisive factors to evaluate qualitative research from within its theoretical and methodological framework of origin.
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TL;DR
This review synthesizes published criteria for evaluating good qualitative research and argues that no single universal set of quality criteria is feasible or desirable because qualitative research spans diverse paradigms. It presents criteria, trustworthiness strategies, checklists, and recommendations for researchers and reviewers to judge qualitative work within its own theoretical and methodological context.
Key findings
- The review concludes that quality criteria are shaped by socio-institutional procedures and paradigmatic stances, and that “a single and specific set of quality criteria is neither feasible nor anticipated” due to qualitative research’s paradigmatic diversity.
- It identifies four major interpretive paradigms structuring qualitative research: positivist and postpositivist, constructivist interpretive, critical (Marxist, emancipatory), and feminist poststructural.
- It highlights Tracy’s “Eight big-tent criteria for excellent qualitative research” (worthy topic, rich rigor, sincerity, credibility, resonance, significant contribution, ethics, meaningful coherence) and lists checklists including COREQ, SRQR, CASP, and the “Road Trip Checklist.”
- The systematic search retrieved 765 publications; after duplicates were removed, 426 were screened, and 45 research articles offering explicit criteria for evaluating qualitative research were identified as relevant.
Methods
- Systematic literature review using databases IEEE Explore, ScienceDirect, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science, with keywords and Boolean combinations around qualitative research, criteria, quality, assessment, and validity.
- Publications in journals and conference proceedings later than 1950 until 2021 were considered; references of relevant articles were also surveyed.
- Screening used inclusion/exclusion criteria focused on evaluation criteria for good qualitative research, excluding works that only delivered theoretical concepts on qualitative research; the process is presented in a PRISMA flow diagram.
Limitations
- The author states that the essential markers highlighted are scoped narrowly to achieve rigor and “do not completely cover the broader considerations necessary for high-quality research.”
- The author states the article does not claim to provide a “magic bullet” or “one-stop solution” for evaluating the “goodness” of qualitative research.
- Evident from the text: the search was limited to five databases and to English-language publications later than 1950, and the review excludes papers that only delivered theoretical concepts on qualitative research, which may narrow the criteria considered.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 10 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingreasoning
No consensus on the criteria for evaluating qualitative research has been achieved to date.
“In addition, not surprisingly, owing to the sprouting and varied features of qualitative research, no consensus has been pulled off till date.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The use of expressions such as '80% of all respondents agreed that' or 'only one of the interviewees mentioned that' may quantify qualitative findings.
“The use of expressions (for instance, ''80% of all respondents agreed that'' or ''only one of the interviewees mentioned that'') may also quantify qualitative findings (Stenfors et al., 2020).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stenfors et al., 2020 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
Quantitative conceptualizations of reliability and validity are incompatible for evaluating qualitative research.
“Moreover, for evaluating qualitative research, quantitative conceptualizations of reliability and validity are proven to be incompatible (Horsburgh, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Horsburgh, 2003 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Interpretationreasoning
Quality criteria for qualitative research are the aftereffect of socio-institutional procedures and existing paradigmatic conducts/standpoints.
“Based on the findings of this review, it is concluded that quality criteria are the aftereffect of socio-institutional procedures and existing paradigmatic conducts.”
- Also stated in: § Qualitative Research: Interpretive Paradigms · plain
“Table 5 reflects that criteria for assessing the quality of qualitative research are the aftermath of socio-institutional practices and existing paradigmatic standpoints.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Also stated in: § Qualitative Research: Interpretive Paradigms · plain
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15
- May combine two claims. 3
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningHypotheses and conjectures about the preeminence of quantitative research can weaken the worth and usefulness of qualitative research by neglecting the prominence of harmonizing match for purpose on research paradigm, the epistemological stance of the researcher, and the choice of methodology.
“Hypotheses and conjectures about the preeminence of quantitative research can weaken the worth and usefulness of qualitative research by neglecting the prominence of harmonizing match for purpose on research paradigm, the epistemological stance of the researcher, and the choice of methodology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationGeneralizability is an integral part of qualitative research.
“It is worth mentioning that generalizability is also an integral part of qualitative research (Hays & McKibben, 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hays & McKibben, 2021 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenA comprehensive portrayal of the research process frequently proliferates the quality of a qualitative research.
“In a nutshell, a comprehensive portrayal of the research process (from the context of research to the research objectives, research questions and design, speculative foundations, and from approaches of collecting data to analyzing the results, to deriving inferences) frequently proliferates the quality of a qualitative research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
InterpretationreasoningThe existence of methodological diversity led to the formulation of different sets of criteria applicable to qualitative research.
“The existence of methodological diversity led to the formulation of different sets of criteria applicable to qualitative research.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationCOREQ is the most commonly used framework for reporting qualitative research.
“The most commonly used framework is Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) (Tong et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tong et al., 2007 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationTracy (2010) and CASP (2021) offer criteria for qualitative research relevant across methods and approaches.
“Also, Tracy (2010) and Critical Appraisal Skills Programme (CASP, 2021) offer criteria for qualitative research relevant across methods and approaches.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Tracy (2010) source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites CASP, 2021
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationThe Road Trip Checklist provides a quick reference to specific questions to address different elements of high-quality qualitative research.
“For instance, the ''Road Trip Checklist'' (Epp & Otnes, 2021) provides a quick reference to specific questions to address different elements of high-quality qualitative research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Epp & Otnes, 2021 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Interpretationnone givenIn general, qualitative research tends to come from a very different paradigmatic stance and intrinsically demands distinctive and out-of-the-ordinary criteria for evaluating good research and varieties of research contributions that can be made.
“In general, qualitative research tends to come from a very different paradigmatic stance and intrinsically demands distinctive and out-of-the-ordinary criteria for evaluating good research and varieties of research contributions that can be made.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
InterpretationreasoningIt is more likely that reviewers who are not qualitative experts would prefer to adopt a broad set of criteria.
“Hence, it is more likely that they would prefer to adopt a broad set of criteria.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Most manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe Discussion and Conclusion sections of an article are robust markers of high-quality qualitative research.
“Further, the Discussion and Conclusion sections of an article also prove robust markers of high-quality qualitative research, as elucidated in Table 8.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationSRQR is a checklist created particularly for medical education.
“Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) is another checklist that has been created particularly for medical education (O'Brien et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites O'Brien et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationResearchers have reflected various concerns and proposed several recommendations for editors and reviewers on conducting reviews of critical qualitative research.
“Researchers have reflected various concerns and proposed several recommendations for editors and reviewers on conducting reviews of critical qualitative research (Levitt et al., 2021;McGinley et al., 2021).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedMay combine two claims.
InterpretationreasoningOwing to the paradigmatic diversity of qualitative research, a single universal set of quality criteria is neither feasible nor desirable.
“Owing to the paradigmatic diversity of qualitative research, a single and specific set of quality criteria is neither feasible nor anticipated.”
- Also stated in: § Qualitative Research: Interpretive Paradigms · plain
“Owing to the paradigmatic diversity of qualitative research, a single set of quality criteria is neither possible nor desirable.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions, Future Directions, and Outlook · plain
“This review points out that a universal and versatile one-size-fits-all guideline for evaluating the quality of qualitative research does not exist.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: There are numerous methods within qualitative research that are established on diverse philosophical perspectives.
- Rests on an assumption: Four major interpretive paradigms structure qualitative research: positivist and postpositivist, constructivist interpretive, critical (Marxist, emancipatory), and feminist poststructural.
- Also stated in: § Qualitative Research: Interpretive Paradigms · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationnone givenIf checklists are used uncritically and recklessly concerning the research context, they may be counterproductive.
“However, if used uncritically and recklessly concerning the research context, these checklists may be counterproductive.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningEach qualitative approach should be treated uniquely on account of its own distinctive features for different epistemological and disciplinary positions.
“In unison, this review reinforces that each qualitative approach should be treated uniquely on account of its own distinctive features for different epistemological and disciplinary positions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
InterpretationreasoningThe choice of criteria for evaluating qualitative research needs to be compatible with the unique nature of the research in question (its methodology, aims, and assumptions).
“This review attempts to present a series of evaluative criteria for qualitative researchers, arguing that their choice of criteria needs to be compatible with the unique nature of the research in question (its methodology, aims, and assumptions).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The inclusion of quotes or similar research data enhances the confirmability in the write-up of the findings.
“The inclusion of quotes or similar research data enhances the confirmability in the write-up of the findings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
There are numerous methods within qualitative research that are established on diverse philosophical perspectives.
“There are numerous methods that are contained within qualitative research and that are established on diverse philosophical perspectives.”
The paper relies on this without support.
All qualitative researchers follow highly abstract principles which bring together beliefs about ontology, epistemology, and methodology.
“All qualitative researchers follow highly abstract principles which bring together beliefs about ontology, epistemology, and methodology.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Four major interpretive paradigms structure qualitative research: positivist and postpositivist, constructivist interpretive, critical (Marxist, emancipatory), and feminist poststructural.
“Four major interpretive paradigms structure the qualitative research: positivist and postpositivist, constructivist interpretive, critical (Marxist, emancipatory), and feminist poststructural.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Most manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts.
“In general, most of the manuscript and grant reviewers are not qualitative experts.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Qualitative studies provide in-depth insights into complex phenomena, encouraging open discussion and exploration, which are crucial for implementing GAI in health professional education.
“Qualitative studies provide in-depth insights into complex phenomena, encouraging open discussion and exploration [21], which are crucial for implementing GAI in health professional education.”
From Generative artificial intelligence in physiotherapy education: great potential amidst challenges- a qualitative interview study (2025) · cites this paper as [21]
Table 6, reproduced under Declarations (page not specified), says prolonged engagement can yield more in-depth information, supporting the claim about depth. The Prospects section calls for dialogue about criteria for qualitative research, but does not say that qualitative studies themselves encourage open discussion and exploration. The citation precedes the GAI-specific conclusion, so that conclusion is not treated as attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMember checking, triangulation, and bracketing were additional strategies used to ensure trustworthiness.
“Additional strategies to ensure trustworthiness included member checking, triangulation, and bracketing (Yadav, 2022).”
From Into the Unknown: AI Adoption and Job Satisfaction of Christian Faculty (2026) · cites this paper as Yadav, 2022
Table 6 (Declarations; page unavailable) lists triangulation and respondent validation—presenting tentative analyses to respondents for feedback—as strategies to enrich trustworthiness. It also lists reflexivity about researcher preconceptions and biases, but does not identify bracketing as a strategy, so that part of the cited list is not established by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.83)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
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- Authors
- Yadav, D.
- Affiliations
- TU Wien (AT)
- Corresponding author
- Yadav, Drishti
- ORCID
- Yadav, Drishti
- Venue
- The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher
- Published
- 2021-09-18
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 679-689
- ISSN
- 0119-5646 (ISSN-L)
- 2243-7908
- OpenAlex
- W3201508169
- Semantic Scholar
- 9e23fe7acfbd716a6a6d2ed7d94ae1c719937520
- Cited by
- 217
- References
- 47
- Citations by year
- 2026: 55 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 6
- FWCI
- 47.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The Asia-Pacific Education Researcher (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- reposiTUm (TU Wien) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- TU Wien
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Qualitative Research Methods and Applications
- Social Sciences › Education › Educational Research and Methods
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Qualitative Research Methods and Ethics
- Keywords
- qualitative research, research quality criteria, research rigor, epistemology, ontology, research evaluation, research standards
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