Seminal malondialdehyde concentration but not glutathione peroxidase activity is negatively correlated with seminal concentration and motility
Open accessAbstract
OBJECTIVES: Reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced lipid peroxidation is associated with sperm function. Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activity represent the lipid peroxidation and spermicidal antioxidant, respectively. We aimed to evaluate the relationship of MDA and GPx levels with sperm parameters. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Specimens were divided into two groups: group 1. normospermia (n=20); group 2. oligoasthenospermia (n=31). Seminal MDA concentration was measured by thiobarbituric acid reaction method. Seminal GPx activity was measured by oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. Seminal MDA levels and GPx activities in both groups were compared. RESULTS: MDA concentrations in both groups were significantly different (1.52 +/- 0.75 vs. 2.25 +/- 0.88 nM, p = 0.0021). GPx activities in both groups were non-significantly different (0.48 +/- 0.11 vs. 0.47 +/- 0.12 U/ml). MDA levels were negatively correlated with the sperm motility (MDA = -0.014 x motility + 2.62, p =0.017) and concentration (MDA = -0.0045 x concentration + 2.23, p = 0.0166). GPx activities were positively but non-significantly correlated with the sperm concentration and sperm motility. CONCLUSIONS: Seminal MDA concentrations are negatively correlated with sperm concentration and motility, which might provide a simple and useful tool in predicting sperm parameters. GPx activity is non-significantly correlated with the seminal quality. Roles of seminal MDA upon spermatogenesis merits further surveys.
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Human spermatozoa produce ROS which enhance tyrosine phosphorylation through suppression of tyrosine phosphorylase activity by H2O2 and stimulation of cAMP production, regulating signal transduction pathways that control sperm capacitation.
“Human spermatozoa produce ROS which enhance tyrosine phosphorylation through the suppression of tyrosine phosphorylase activity by H 2 O 2 and stimulation of cAMP production, that play a role in regulating signal transduction pathways that control sperm capacitation.”
From Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health (2012) · cites this paper as Hsieh et al., 2006
The Introduction says spermatozoa generate oxygen free radicals, and the Discussion links ROS with capacitation. Neither section describes enhanced tyrosine phosphorylation, suppression of tyrosine phosphorylase by H2O2, or stimulation of cAMP production. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSperm motility or concentration were negatively correlated with malondialdehyde concentrations, an indicator of lipid peroxidation.
“Hsieh et al.,(2006) reported that sperm motility or concentration were negatively correlated with malondialdehyde concentrations, an indicator of lipid peroxidation.”
From Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health (2012) · cites this paper as Hsieh et al.,(2006)
Persistent infertility has been linked to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the sperm membrane.
“Persistent infertility has been linked to lipid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids in the sperm membrane (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
From Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health (2012) · cites this paper as Hsieh et al., 2006
ROS have been associated with impaired metabolism, morphology, motility and male infertility.
“ROS have been associated with impaired metabolism, morphology, motility and male infertility (Baker and Aitken, 2005;Hsieh et al., 2006), retention of excess residual amorphous cytoplasm that human spermatozoa are not capable of remodeling or discharging.”
From Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health (2012) · cites this paper as Hsieh et al., 2006
A low, steady state of ROS production appears important for gamete cell stability and capacitation.
“A low, steady state of ROS production appears to be important for gamete cell stability (Hsieh et al., 2006) and capacitation (Baker and Aitken, 2005).”
From Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health (2012) · cites this paper as Hsieh et al., 2006
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“A number of studies have shown that lipid peroxidation affects the sperm concentration, motility, morphology and related with poor sperm quality (Huang et al. 2000; Hsieh et al, 2006; Gomez et al., 1998).”
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“Increased MDA level might represent the pathologic lipid peroxidation of spermatozoa membrane and inhibition of sperm motility (Hsieh et al., 2006) which may corroborate our findings of the low percent active sperm motility in rats.”
ResultBalamurugan, B., Ghosh, S. K., Lone, S., Prasad, J., Das, G., Katiyar, R., Mustapha, A. R., Kumar, A., & Verma, M. (2017) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.12.008 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
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Fertilizing potential of ejaculated human spermatozoa during in vitro semen bacterial infection
Frączek, M., Wiland, E., Piasecka, M., Boksa, M., Gączarzewicz, D., Szumała-Kąkol, A., Kolanowski, T. J., Beutin, L., & Kurpisz, M. K. (2014) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2014.06.002 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Park, K., Jeon, S., Song, Y., & Yi, L. S. H. (2012) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2012.08.027 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Abdul‐Rasheed, O. F. (2010) · Oman Medical Journal · doi:10.5001/omj.2010.51 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…subjects (n=45).30 On the other hand, the results from this study are unlike those from a previous study conducted by Saaranen et al. (1987).31 Hsieh et al. (2006) reported that the seminal plasma level of MDA in a control group (n=20) was 1.52±0.75 nmole/mL and 2.25±0.88 nmole/mL in the…”
ResultInfluential“Emerging role of Novel Seminal Plasma Bio-markers in Male Infertility: A Review”
Kumar, N., & Singh, N. K. (2020) · European Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Reproductive Biology · doi:10.1016/j.ejogrb.2020.08.015 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Shayakhmetova, G. M., Bondarenko, L. B., & Kovalenko, V. M. (2012) · Interdisciplinary Toxicology · doi:10.2478/v10102-012-0002-9 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Excessive generation of seminal ROS can cause male infertility (Hsien et al., 2006).”
BackgroundOlukole, S. G., Lanipekun, D. O., Ola‐Davies, O. E., & Oke, B. O. (2019) · Environmental Science and Pollution Research · doi:10.1007/s11356-019-06153-3 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Role of antioxidant additives in the protection of the cryopreserved semen against free radicals
Anghel, A. H., & Zamfirescu, S. (2010) · ROMANIAN BIOTECHNOLOGICAL LETTERS · Cited by 29 · see citing works
An update on the techniques used to measure oxidative stress in seminal plasma
Robert, K. A., Sharma, R. K., Henkel, R., & Agarwal, A. K. (2020) · Andrologia · doi:10.1111/and.13726 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Chaudhari, A. R., Das, P., & Singh, R. (2008) · Biomedical Research-tokyo · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Abdelkader, F. B., Kairo, G., Bonnet, M., Barbouche, N., Belzunces, L., & Brunet, J. (2019) · Journal of Apicultural Research · doi:10.1080/00218839.2019.1655182 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Aghajani, M. M. R., Mahjoub, S., Mojab, F., Namdari, M., Gorji, N. M., Dashtaki, A., & Mirabi, P. (2020) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-020-00314-3 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Wysocki, P., Orzołek, A., Strzeżek, J., Koziorowska-Gilun, M., Zasiadczyk, Ł., & Kordan, W. (2015) · Theriogenology · doi:10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.12.025 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“GPx can protect sperm DNA against oxidative damage, but no correlations were noted between enzyme activity and sperm counts or spermmotility in the ejaculate [38].”
BackgroundOxidative DNA Damage to Sperm Cells and Peripheral Blood Leukocytes in Infertile Men
Taken, K., Hakan, H., Eryılmaz, R., Dönmez, M. İ., Demir, M., Güneş, M., Aslan, R., & Şekeroğlu, M. R. (2016) · Medical Science Monitor · doi:10.12659/msm.898631 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“MDA has been used as a marker of oxidative stress in several studies [22,23].”
El-Taieb, M. A., Ali, M. A., & Nada, E. (2015) · Middle East Fertility Society Journal · doi:10.1016/j.mefs.2014.05.003 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Moretti, E., Cerretani, D., Noto, D., Signorini, C., Iacoponi, F., & Collodel, G. (2021) · Reproductive Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43032-021-00493-7 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“In particular, sperm concentration [41, 42], motility [14, 16, 41–44], morphology and viability [15], showed significant negative correlations with MDA.”
BackgroundGholinezhad, M., & Colagar, A. H. (2011) · Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1016/j.jomh.2010.09.230 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Type 2 diabetes mellitus affects male fertility potential.
Singh, A. K., Tomarz, S., Chaudhari, A. R., Sinqh, R., & Verma, N. (2014) · PubMed · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Ghaffari, M. A., & Rostami, M. (2012) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 23 · see citing works
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“Malondialdehye levels were measured as per thiobarbituric acid (TBA) method (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
MethodPalani, A., & Alahmar, A. T. (2020) · African Journal of Urology · doi:10.1186/s12301-020-00061-6 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“ROS have critical rule in male reproductive function, and these active molecules are required in small quantities for normal sperm function [7], while high quantities could decrease semen quality and impair sperm Open Access African Journal of Urology”
BackgroundOxidative stress adversely affects spermatogenesis in male infertility
Badade, Z. G., More, K., & Narshetty, J. (2011) · Biomedical Research-tokyo · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Iron, Oxidative Stress and Health
Udipi, S., Ghugre, P., & Gokhale, C. (2012) · Oxidative Stress - Molecular Mechanisms and Biological Effects · doi:10.5772/34975 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“A low, steady state of ROS production appears to be important for gamete cell stability (Hsieh et al., 2006) and capacitation (Baker and Aitken, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialSemen quality in white leghorn chicken selected for egg production traits
Shanmugam, M., Matam, N., KULKARNI, R., Bhattacharya, T. K., & Chatterjee, R. (2013) · TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY AND ANIMAL SCIENCES · doi:10.3906/vet-1304-59 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Malondialdehyde (MDA), the end product of lipid peroxidation, was assessed using the thiobarbituric acid method (11).”
MethodIdebenone improves quality of ram sperm by mitigating oxidative stress during cryopreservation
Lone, F. A., Naikoo, M., Khatun, A., Shah, R. A., Pampori, Z. A., Khan, H. M., & Ahanger, A. A. (2019) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2019.09.004 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Ngou, A. A., Ghosh, S. K., Prasad, J. K., Katiyar, R., Kumar, A., Rautela, R., Bisla, A., Srivastava, N., & Kumar, A. (2020) · Cryobiology · doi:10.1016/j.cryobiol.2020.10.003 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Das, P., Choudhari, A. R., Singh, A. K., & Singh, R. (2009) · PubMed · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Jeje, S. O., Adegbite, L. O., Akindele, O. O., Kunle-Alabi, O. T., & Raji, Y. (2020) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03872 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“Therefore, an increase in MDA levels has deleterious effects on sperm function and leads to infertility (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
BackgroundHongmei, S. (2011) · Journal of Medicinal Plants Research · doi:10.5897/jmpr.9000616 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Role of ascorbic acid in human seminal plasma against the oxidative damage to the sperms
Das, P., Choudhari, A. R., Dhawan, A. K., & Singh, R. (2009) · Indian Journal of Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s12291-009-0058-2 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Coenzyme Q10 and oxidative stress markers in seminal plasma of Iraqi patients with male infertility
Abdul‐Rasheed, O. F., Farid, Y. Y., & Al-Nasiri, U. S. (2010) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.5023 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Singh, A. (2016) · JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH · doi:10.7860/jcdr/2016/15597.8159 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Enzymatic Antioxidant Defense and Polymorphic Changes in Male Infertility
Baszyński, J., Kamiński, P., Bogdziñska, M., Mroczkowski, S., Szymański, M., Wasilow, K., Stanek, E., Hołderna-Bona, K., Brodzka, S., Bilski, R., et al. (2022) · Antioxidants · doi:10.3390/antiox11050817 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Hsieh et al. (2006) noted that the antioxidative role of GPx systems in response to lipoperoxidation has a positive effect on sperm functionality, general semen quality and indirectly on the crucial stages of sperm maturation and gaining the ability to fertilize oocytes.”
BackgroundKehinde, A. O., Adefisan, A. O., Adebayo, O. A., & Adaramoye, O. A. (2016) · Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology · doi:10.1515/jbcpp-2015-0063 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Hence, a delicate balance between ROS production and recycling is essential for spermatogenesis [40].”
BackgroundMedical Implications of Sperm Nuclear Quality
Oliva, R., & de Mateo, S. (2010) · Epigenetics and human health · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-14773-9_3 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“MDA concentration within both seminal plasma and sperm is elevated in infertile patients (Nakamura et al. 2002; Hsieh et al. 2006).”
BackgroundShen, W., Shi, D., Deng, W. A. N. D., Guo, Y., Shuzhen, H., & Yue, Z. (2011) · EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS · doi:10.1538/expanim.60.445 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Malondialdehyde (MDA) is an end-product of lipid peroxidation that indicates the level of lipid peroxidation [12, 18].”
BackgroundMobile phone RF-EMW exposure to human spermatozoa: an in vitro study.
Ahmad, L., & Baig, N. (2011) · Pakistan Journal of Zoology · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Raeeszadeh, M., Moradian, M., Khademi, N., & Amiri, A. A. (2023) · Biological Trace Element Research · doi:10.1007/s12011-023-03898-4 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“By constructing a standard graph based on the provided formula, enzyme activity was determined [24].”
Effect of supplementing vitamin E analogues on post-thaw semen parameters and fertility in chicken
Kumar, K. P., Swathi, B., & Shanmugam, M. (2019) · British Poultry Science · doi:10.1080/00071668.2019.1602249 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Seminal plasma lipid peroxidation Seminal plasma LPO was measured by the thiobarbituric acid method (Hsieh et al. 2006).”
MethodMohammed, A., & Abdelwahab, W. (2020) · Ain Shams Journal of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology · doi:10.21608/ajfm.2020.68099 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Shanmugam, M., Prakash, B., Reddy, E. P. K., & Panda, A. K. (2015) · The Indian Journal of Animal Sciences · doi:10.56093/ijans.v85i2.46617 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Seminal plasma was separated by centrifugation of raw semen samples at 1,500 × g and assessed level of lipid peroxidation (LP) (Hsieh et al. 2006).”
MethodEffect of different cryoprotectants on post-thaw semen parameters and fertility in Nicobari chicken
Shanmugam, M., Kumar, K. P., Mahapatra, R. K., & Laxmi, N. A. (2018) · Indian Journal of Poultry Science · doi:10.5958/0974-8180.2018.00040.5 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Lipid peroxidation in seminal plasma was measured by thiobarbituric acid method (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
MethodShanmugam, M., Vinoth, A., Rajaravindra, K. S., & RAJKUMAR, U. (2015) · Animal Reproduction Science · doi:10.1016/j.anireprosci.2015.08.013 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“The seminal plasma parameters evaluated were lipid peroxidation (Hsieh et al., 2006), and antioxidant power by ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP) assay (Benzie and Strain, 1996).”
MethodLin, M. C., Chiu, W.-H., Lin, C., Liu, D., Wu, P.-C., & Lin, C.-S. (2024) · Algal Research · doi:10.1016/j.algal.2024.103414 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationIdentification of peroxiredoxin-5 in bovine cauda epididymal sperm
Nagdas, S. K., Buchanan, T. L., & RAYCHOUDHURY, S. S. (2013) · Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry · doi:10.1007/s11010-013-1876-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Oxidative Stress‐Related Programmed Cell Death in Male Infertility: Focussing on Ferroptosis
Ata-abadi, N. S., Aboutalebi, F., Dormiani, K., & Nasr‐Esfahani, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Cellular and Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1111/jcmm.71002 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Peroxidation of these lipids by ROS results in the production of highly mutagenic and genotoxic electrophilic aldehydes such as malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) [40, 41].”
Pycnogenol® prevents hexavalent chromium-induced spermatotoxicity in rats
Kim, S., Lee, I.-C., Baek, H., Moon, C., Kang, S. S., Bae, C., Kim, S., Shin, D., & Kim, J.-C. (2012) · Molecular & Cellular Toxicology · doi:10.1007/s13273-012-0030-8 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Osman, H.-E. H., El-Sahra, D. G., Alamin, A. A., El-Kenawy, A. E.-M., & Salem, R. R. (2022) · Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences · doi:10.1186/s43088-022-00225-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Kang, Y., Zhang, L., Niu, H., Sun, X., & Li, Y. (2022) · Animal Science Journal · doi:10.1111/asj.13708 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Zaenuri, L. A., Susilawati, T., Wahyuningsih, S. S., & Sumitro, S. B. (2014) · IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science · doi:10.9790/2380-07526068 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“(28) that, MDA concentration is an indicator to predict liquid sperm quality because MDA concentration has a negative correlation with progressively motile sperm.”
BackgroundRazzaq, A., Alsalman., S. A. R., Almashhedy, L. A., & Hadwan, M. H. (2013) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Nouri, M., Movassaghi, S., Foroumadi, A., Soleimani, M., & Sharifi, Z. N. (2016) · Europe PMC (PubMed Central) · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Tramadol reduces testicular damage of ischemia-reperfusion rats
Asghari, A., Akbari, G., beigi, A. M., & Mortazavi, P. (2016) · Animal Reproduction · doi:10.21451/1984-3143-ar823 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“GPx impresses its role by protecting sperm against peroxidative damage (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
BackgroundInfluentialDhara, S., Gupta, H. P., Kumar, S., Sharma, R. K., & THAKUR, S. (2022) · Biopreservation and Biobanking · doi:10.1089/bio.2022.0013 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“9,55 In the final experiment, washed semen (D1 and D2) showed a significantly higher percentage of sperm individual motility, viability, plasma membrane integrity, and acrosome integrity at the post-thawing stage compared with unwashed semen (control).”
Jannatifar, R., Piroozmanesh, H., Jalalabadi, F. N., & Momeni, H. R. (2023) · Anatomy & Cell Biology · doi:10.5115/acb.22.222 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Lipid peroxidation has been linked to poor sperm quality in several studies, affecting sperm quantity, motility, and morphology [40].”
BackgroundEffect of dietary ellagic acid supplementation on semen quality parameters in chickens
Shanmugam, M., & Rao, S. V. R. (2013) · Animal Production Science · doi:10.1071/an13110 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Estimation of Seminal MDA Levels in Infertility patients
Masroor, S. (2013) · IOSR Journal of Dental and Medical Sciences · doi:10.9790/0853-0441823 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Studies carried out to evaluate primary infertility showed that seminal reactive oxygen species levels are significantly higher in infertile men as compared to normal men and the presence of excessive ROS in semen is positively correlated with low sperm concentration, poor motility and poor morphology.(4,5,6) However…”
BackgroundAgarwal, A. K., & Majzoub, A. A. (2016) · Trends in andrology and sexual medicine · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-41749-3_1 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Clinical Consequences of Oxidative Stress in Male Infertility
Said, T., Gokul, S., & Agarwal, A. (2012) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-61779-776-7_24 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Male Infertility, Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
Zhaku, V., Agarwal, A. K., Beadini, S., Henkel, R., Finelli, R., Beadini, N., & Mičić, S. (2021) · Biochemistry · doi:10.5772/intechopen.98204 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zaenuri, L. A., Susilawati, T., Wahyuningsih, S., & Sumitro, S. B. (2014) · Journal of Biology Agriculture and Healthcare · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Serum Levels of Melatonin and Oxidative Stress Markers and Correlation between Them in Infertile Men
Rad, S. S., Abbasalizadeh, S., Haghjo, A. G., Sadagheyani, M., Montaseri, A., & Rad, J. S. (2013) · PubMed Central · doi:10.5681/jcs.2013.034 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Inclusion criteria, in addition to being fertile or infertile include: fertile age (15-45) and having of normal, up to 25, BMI.”
Background
- Authors
- Hsieh, Y.-Y., Chang, C.-C., & Lin, C.-S.
- Affiliations
- National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University (TW)
- China Medical University (TW)
- Venue
- International Journal of Biological Sciences
- Publisher
- Ivyspring International Publisher
- Published
- 2006
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 23-29
- ISSN
- 1449-2288 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC1457038
- OpenAlex
- W2007922188
- Cited by
- 167
- References
- 46
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 14 · 2013: 8 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 4.94
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- International Journal of Biological Sciences (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Sperm and Testicular Function
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Biochemistry › Antioxidant Activity and Oxidative Stress
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rheumatology › Urologic and reproductive health conditions
- Keywords
- malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, lipid peroxidation, reactive oxygen species, sperm motility, sperm concentration, seminal quality, oligoasthenozoospermia, normospermia
- MeSH terms
- Glutathione Peroxidase, Humans, Male, Malondialdehyde, Semen, Sperm Count, Sperm Motility, Lipid Peroxidation, Reactive Oxygen Species, Semen Analysis
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