The Economics of Discrimination
Integrity signals
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Field Experiments of Discrimination in the Market Place
Riach, P. A., & Rich, J. (2002) · The Economic Journal · doi:10.1111/1468-0297.00080 · Cited by 911 · see citing works
A large-scale analysis of racial disparities in police stops across the United States
Pierson, E., Simoiu, C., Overgoor, J., Corbett-Davies, S., Jenson, D., Shoemaker, A., Ramachandran, V., Barghouty, P., Phillips, C., Shroff, R., et al. (2020) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-020-0858-1 · Cited by 552 · see citing works
Predictably Unequal? The Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets
FUSTER, A., GOLDSMITH‐PINKHAM, P., RAMADORAI, T., & WALTHER, A. (2022) · The Journal of Finance · doi:10.1111/jofi.13090 · Cited by 548 · see citing works
The Wage Effects of Sexual Orientation Discrimination
Badgett, M. V. L. (1995) · ILR Review · doi:10.1177/001979399504800408 · Cited by 579 · see citing works
Who Gets a Swiss Passport? A Natural Experiment in Immigrant Discrimination
HAINMUELLER, J., & HANGARTNER, D. (2013) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055412000494 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
Discrimination in the Age of Algorithms
Kleinberg, J., Ludwig, J., Mullainathan, S., & Sunstein, C. R. (2018) · Journal of Legal Analysis · doi:10.1093/jla/laz001 · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Prejudice, clinical uncertainty and stereotyping as sources of health disparities
Balsa, A. I., & McGuire, T. G. (2003) · Journal of Health Economics · doi:10.1016/s0167-6296(02)00098-x · Cited by 333 · see citing works
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
KNOX, D., LOWE, W., & MUMMOLO, J. (2020) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055420000039 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Predictably Unequal? The Effects of Machine Learning on Credit Markets
Fuster, A., Goldsmith-Pinkham, P. S., Ramadorai, T., & Walther, A. (2017) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3072038 · Cited by 769 · see citing works
A multidisciplinary survey on discrimination analysis
Romei, A., & Ruggieri, S. (2014) · The Knowledge Engineering Review · doi:10.1017/s0269888913000039 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
k-NN as an implementation of situation testing for discrimination discovery and prevention
Luong, B. T., Ruggieri, S., & Turini, F. (2011) · Proceedings of the 17th ACM SIGKDD international conference on Knowledge discovery and data mining · doi:10.1145/2020408.2020488 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
More Time, Less Crime? Estimating the Incapacitative Effect of Sentence Enhancements
Owens, E. G. (2009) · The Journal of Law and Economics · doi:10.1086/593141 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Chay, K. Y. (1998) · ILR Review · doi:10.1177/001979399805100404 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gandy, O. H. (2010) · Ethics and Information Technology · doi:10.1007/s10676-009-9198-6 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Kamiran, F., Žliobaitė, I., & Calders, T. (2013) · Knowledge and Information Systems · doi:10.1007/s10115-012-0584-8 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
Ride with Me—Ethnic Discrimination, Social Markets, and the Sharing Economy
Tjaden, J. D., Schwemmer, C., & Khadjavi, M. (2018) · European Sociological Review · doi:10.1093/esr/jcy024 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Discrimination of minority welfare claimants in the real world: The effect of implicit prejudice.
Assouline, M., Gilad, S., & Ben-Nun Bloom, P. (2022) · Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory · doi:10.1093/jopart/muab016 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
AI–AI bias: Large language models favor communications generated by large language models
Laurito, W., Davis, B., Grietzer, P., Gavenčiak, T., Böhm, A., & Kulveit, J. (2025) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2415697122 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Administrative Records Mask Racially Biased Policing
Knox, D., Lowe, W., & Mummolo, J. (2019) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.3336338 · Cited by 314 · see citing works
Changes in Peru's Gender Earning Gap: An Analysis from 1997 to 2021
Chalup, M., Urquidi, M., & Serrate, L. (2023) · doi:10.18235/0005248 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
- Authors
- Becker, G. S.
- Corresponding author
- Becker, Gary S.
- Venue
- University of Chicago Press eBooks
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1971
- OpenAlex
- W4213155903
- Cited by
- 1,794
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 66 · 2025: 100 · 2024: 94 · 2023: 76 · 2022: 77 · 2021: 70 · 2020: 83 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 84 · 2017: 69 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 74 · 2014: 61 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 58
- FWCI
- 19.59
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- University of Chicago Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Names, Identity, and Discrimination Research
- Social Sciences › Law › Discrimination and Equality Law
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Labor market dynamics and wage inequality
- Keywords
- discrimination, economics of discrimination, labor market discrimination, wage discrimination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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