Modeling Early Detection and Geographic Variation in Health System Capacity for Alzheimer's Disease–Modifying Therapies
Open accessAbstract
The authors modeled how patient uptake and health care system capacity will affect the delivery of Alzheimer’s disease–modifying therapies. They expand on prior work by examining the role of primary care and U.S. geographic variation in capacity.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Demand for dementia specialists far exceeds supply, and the gap is widening.
“the demand for dementia specialists greatly exceeds the available supply, with the gap continuing to widen.9–11”
From Review of Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Use in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias (2026) · cites this paper as [11]
The Base Case section identifies dementia specialists as the main capacity constraint and projects the number of patients waiting to rise from 0.8 million in 2025 to about 5.4 million in 2032. But it also says queues and wait times subsequently decline, so the paper does not support an unqualified claim that the gap continues to widen. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
2013 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures
Thies, W. H., & Bleiler, L. (2013) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2013.02.003 · Cited by 3,331 · see citing works
A class of games possessing pure-strategy Nash equilibria
Rosenthal, R. W. (1973) · International Journal of Game Theory · doi:10.1007/bf01737559 · Cited by 2,052 · see citing works
Luo, W., & Qi, Y. (2009) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2009.06.002 · Cited by 1,228 · see citing works
Salloway, S., Chalkias, S., Barkhof, F., Burkett, P., Barakos, J., Purcell, D., Suhy, J., Forrestal, F., Tian, Y., Umans, K., et al. (2022) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2021.4161 · Cited by 619 · see citing works
Boustani, M. A., Peterson, B., Hanson, L. C., Harris, R., & Lohr, K. N. (2003) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-138-11-200306030-00015 · Cited by 573 · see citing works
Mild cognitive impairment: Disparity of incidence and prevalence estimates
Ward, A., Arrighi, H. M., Michels, S., & Cedarbaum, J. M. (2012) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.01.002 · Cited by 569 · see citing works
Amjad, H., Roth, D. L., Sheehan, O. C., Lyketsos, C. G., Wolff, J. L., & Samus, Q. M. (2018) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-018-4377-y · Cited by 506 · see citing works
Roalf, D. R., Moberg, P. J., Xie, S. X., Wolk, D. A., Moelter, S. T., & Arnold, S. E. (2012) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2012.10.001 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Rural-Urban Continuum Codes 2013
National Cancer Institute (2020) · Definitions · doi:10.32388/8wprcb · Cited by 380 · see citing works
Implementing a screening and diagnosis program for dementia in primary care
Boustani, M., Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., Austrom, M. G., Perkins, A. J., Fultz, B. A., Hui, S. L., & Hendrie, H. C. (2005) · Journal of General Internal Medicine · doi:10.1007/s11606-005-0103-7 · Cited by 374 · see citing works
Dementia Diagnosis Disparities by Race and Ethnicity
Lin, P.-J., Daly, A. T., Olchanski, N., Cohen, J. T., Neumann, P. J., Faul, J. D., Fillit, H. M., & Freund, K. M. (2021) · Medical Care · doi:10.1097/mlr.0000000000001577 · Cited by 239 · see citing works
Davis, M. R., O`Connell, T., Johnson, S., Cline, S. K., Merikle, E. P., Martényi, F., & Simpson, K. N. (2018) · Current Alzheimer Research · doi:10.2174/1567205015666180119092427 · Cited by 230 · see citing works
Implementing a screening and diagnosis program for dementia in primary care.
Boustani, M. A., Callahan, C. M., Unverzagt, F. W., et al. (2005) · PubMed · doi:10.1111/j.1525-1497.2005.0126.x · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Handbook of Spatial Epidemiology
(2016) · Chapman & Hall/CRC eBooks · doi:10.1201/b19470 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
Hlávka, J. P., Mattke, S., & Liu, J. (2018) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2503 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationImplementing dementia care models in primary care settings: The Aging Brain Care Medical Home
Callahan, C. M., Boustani, M. A., Weiner, M., Beck, R. A., Livin, L. R., Kellams, J. J., Willis, D. R., & Hendrie, H. C. (2010) · Aging & Mental Health · doi:10.1080/13607861003801052 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
Factors associated with cognitive evaluations in the United States
Kotagal, V., Langa, K. M., Plassman, B. L., Fisher, G. G., Giordani, B. J., Wallace, R. B., Burke, J. R., Steffens, D. C., Kabeto, M., Albin, R. L., et al. (2015) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000001096 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Mattke, S., Jun, H., Chen, E., Liu, Y., Becker, A., & Wallick, C. (2023) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-023-01272-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Razak, M. A. A., Ahmad, N. A., Chan, Y. Y., Kasim, N. M., Yusof, M., Ghani, M. K. A. A., Omar, M. S. S., Aziz, F., & Jamaluddin, R. (2019) · Public Health · doi:10.1016/j.puhe.2019.01.001 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Liu, J., Hlavka, J., Hillestad, R., & Mattke, S. (2017) · doi:10.7249/rr2272 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Self-citationMetric of Carbon Equity: Carbon Gini Index Based on Historical Cumulative Emission per Capita
Teng, F., He, J., Pan, X., & Zhang, C. (2011) · Advances in Climate Change Research · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1248.2011.00134 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Trends in inequalities in the prevalence of dementia in the United States
Hudomiet, P., Hurd, M. D., & Rohwedder, S. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2212205119 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Mattke, S., Cho, S. K., Bittner, T., Hlávka, J. P., & Hanson, M. (2020) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12081 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Mattke, S., Batie, D., Chodosh, J., Felten, K. M., Flaherty, E., Fowler, N. R., Kobylarz, F. A., O’Brien, K., Paulsen, R., Pohnert, A. M., et al. (2023) · Alzheimer s & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.13051 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Expected wait times for access to a disease‐modifying Alzheimer's treatment in the United States
Mattke, S., & Hanson, M. (2022) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1002/alz.12470 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Primary Care–Based Memory Clinics: Expanding Capacity for Dementia Care
Lee, L. S., Hillier, L. M., Heckman, G. A., Gagnon, M., BORRIE, M. J., Stolee, P., & Harvey, D. W. (2014) · Canadian Journal on Aging / La Revue canadienne du vieillissement · doi:10.1017/s0714980814000233 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Boustani, M. A., Peterson, B., Hanson, L. C., Harris, R., & Lohr, K. N. (2003) · PsycEXTRA Dataset · doi:10.1037/e554792010-001 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: 2019 National Summary Tables
Santo, L. D., & Kang, K. (2023) · doi:10.15620/cdc:123251 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Alzheimer’s drug donanemab: what promising trial means for treatments
Reardon, S. (2023) · Nature · doi:10.1038/d41586-023-01537-5 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Liu, J., Hlávka, J. P., Coulter, D., Baxi, S. M., Mattke, S., & Gidengil, C. A. (2019) · RAND Corporation eBooks · doi:10.7249/rr2744 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Self-citationNurse practitioners in primary care
Burden, A. C., & Burden, M. L. (1999) · Postgraduate Medical Journal · doi:10.1136/pgmj.75.881.190 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“At least we finally found out what it was”: Dementia diagnosis in minoritized populations
Blinka, M. D., Gundavarpu, S., Baker, D., Thorpe, R. J., Gallo, J. J., Samus, Q. M., & Amjad, H. (2023) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.18329 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-Reported Activities and Outcomes of Ambulatory Care Staff Registered Nurses: An Exploration
Rondinelli, J. L., Omery, A. K., Crawford, C. L., & Johnson, J. A. (2014) · The Permanente Journal · doi:10.7812/tpp/13-135 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Lam, J., Jun, H., Cho, S. K., Hanson, M., & Mattke, S. (2021) · Alzheimer s & Dementia Diagnosis Assessment & Disease Monitoring · doi:10.1002/dad2.12159 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Bender, A. A., McIntosh, R. L., Sudduth, S., Harris, M., Tuckey, K., Morgan, J. C., Jungerman, J., Cox, A., Moore, M. A., Ingram, B., et al. (2022) · Journal of the American Geriatrics Society · doi:10.1111/jgs.17690 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- [2]2. Bradford, Andrea, Mark E. Kunik, Paul Schulz, Susan P. Williams, and Hardeep Singh, "Missed and Delayed Diagnosis of Dementia in Primary Care: Prevalence and Contributing Factors," Alzheimer Disease and Associated Disorders, Vol. 23, No. 4, October-December 2009.
- [11]11. Janssen, Olin, Willemijn J. Jansen, Betty M. Tijms, Nancy Nairi Maserejian, Rik Ossenkoppele, Frans R. J. Verhey, Pieter Jelle Visser, and the Amyloid Biomarker Study Group, "Updated Prevalence Estimates of Amyloid Positivity from Cognitively Normal to Clinical Alzheimer's Disease Dementia: The Amyloid Biomarker Study," Alzheimer's & Dementia, Vol. 17, No. S10, December 2021. References AAMC-See Association of American Medical Colleges.
- [20]20. Palmqvist, Sebastian, Shorena Janelidze, Erik Stomrud, Henrik Zetterberg, Johann Karl, Katharina Zink, Tobias Bittner, Niklas Mattsson, Udo Eichenlaub, Kaj Blennow, and Oskar Hansson, "Performance of Fully Automated Plasma Assays as Screening Tests for Alzheimer Disease-Related β-Amyloid Status," JAMA Neurology, Vol. 76, No. 9, September 2019.
- [21]21. Petersen, Ronald C., Oscar Lopez, Melissa J. Armstrong, Thomas S. D. Getchius, Mary Ganguli, David Gloss, Gary S. Gronseth, Daniel Marson, Tamara Pringsheim, Gregory S. Day, Mark Sager, James Stevens, and Alexander Rae-Grant, "Practice Guideline Update Summary: Mild Cognitive Impairment: Report of the Guideline Development, Dissemination, and Implementation Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology," Neurology, Vol. 90, No. 3, January 2018.
- [27]27. Salloway, Stephen, Jose E. Gamez, Upinder Singh, Carl H. Sadowsky, Teresa Villena, Marwan N. Sabbagh, Thomas G. Beach, Ranjan Duara, Adam S. Fleisher, Kirk A. Frey, Zuzana Walker, Arvinder Hunjan, Yavir M. Escovar, Marc E. Agronin, Joel Ross, Andrea Bozoki, Mary Akinola, Jiong Shi, Rik Vandenberghe, Milos D. Ikonomovic, Paul F. Sherwin, Gill Farrar, Adrian P. L. Smith, Christopher J. Buckley, Dietmar Rudolf Thal, Michelle Zanette, and Craig Curtis, "Performance of [18F]Flutemetamol Amyloid Imaging Against the Neuritic Plaque Component of CERAD and the Current (2012) NIA-AA Recommendations for the Neuropathologic Diagnosis of Alzheimer's Disease," Alzheimer's & Dementia: Diagnosis, Assessment & Disease Monitoring, Vol. 9, January 2017.
- [48]48. Sims, John R., Jennifer A. Zimmer, Cynthia D. Evans, Ming Lu, Paul Ardayfio, JonDavid Sparks, Alette M. Wessels, Sergey Shcherbinin, Hong Wang, Emel Serap Monkul Nery, Emily C. Collins, Paul Solomon, Stephen Salloway, Liana G. Apostolova, Oskar Hansson, Craig Ritchie, Dawn A. Brooks, Mark Mintun, Daniel M. Skovronsky, and TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Investigators, "Donanemab in Early Symptomatic Alzheimer Disease: The TRAILBLAZER-ALZ 2 Randomized Clinical Trial," JAMA, Vol. 330, No. 6, August 8, 2023.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Chan, V. T. T., Ran, A. R., Wagner, S. K., Hui, H. Y. H., Hu, X., Ko, H., Fekrat, S., Wang, Y. X., Lee, C. S., Young, A. L., et al. (2024) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101290 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Review of Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Use in Alzheimer's Disease and Related Dementias
Breithaupt, A. G., Tang, A., Paolillo, E. W., Bibars, M., Johnson, E. C. B., Saloner, R., Possin, K. L., Windon, C. C., Hill-Jarrett, T. G., Giorgio, J., et al. (2026) · Seminars in Neurology · doi:10.1055/a-2744-9871 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Sideman, A. B., Alagappan, C., Arteaga, I., Breithaupt, A. G., Soleymani, S., Belani, H., Pham, T., Pak, S., Sigala, T., Gravano, J. T., et al. (2026) · BMC Family Practice · doi:10.1186/s12875-026-03437-9
- Authors
- Liu, J., Baker, L., Chen, A. I.-A., Wang, J. J. J., & Girosi, F.
- Venue
- RAND Corporation eBooks
- Publisher
- RAND Corporation
- Published
- 2024
- OpenAlex
- W4391363344
- Cited by
- 3
- References
- 34
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2024: 1
- FWCI
- 3.66
- Type
- book
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- RAND Corporation eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Economics, Econometrics and Finance › Economics and Econometrics › Healthcare Policy and Management
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, disease-modifying therapy, health system capacity, early detection, patient uptake, primary care, regional variation, health care delivery
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
