The DOI matches its Crossref record.
Treatment of Hyperthyroid Disease
Abstract
PURPOSE: To evaluate treatments for hyperthyroid disease. DATA SOURCES: Selected studies published during the last 20 years addressing the diagnosis, causes, and treatment of hyperthyroid disease. STUDY SELECTION: Studies were chosen based on their usefulness in addressing specific points in the treatment of hyperthyroid disease. DATA EXTRACTION: Various treatment principles extracted from the references form the basis for the conclusions and recommendations made here. RESULTS: Hyperthyroid disease is a common endocrine disease. Although Graves disease is the most common cause of thyrotoxicosis, other primary and secondary causes exist. With classic signs and symptoms accompanied by confirmatory laboratory measures of thyroid hyperfunction, the diagnosis can be established firmly. Radioiodine is the preferred method to treat Graves disease; however, recent data concerning treatment with a combination of propylthiouracil and thyroxine require further evaluation to establish its efficacy. Radioiodine is also the preferred treatment for the other forms of hyperthyroid disease; however, patient-specific considerations in both may require patient-tailored therapies. CONCLUSIONS: Hyperthyroid disease can be treated definitively for most patients. Palliative therapy with beta-adrenergic blockade is useful in some patients. Further studies are needed to determine whether more recently described treatments have improved efficacy and whether therapy directed specifically at the underlying immunologic cause of Graves disease can be used successfully.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Once it has been established that the patient is hyperthyroid and the cause is GD, the patient and physician must choose between three effective and relatively safe initial treatment options: RAI therapy, ATDs, or thyroidectomy (59).”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
In the citing paper
“In earlier studies in the United States, about 20%-30% of patients were reported to have a lasting remission after 12-18 months of medication ( 59), but more recent data are not available.”
From 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis (2016) · cites this paper as [59]
Citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Ross, D. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Greenlee, M. C., Laurberg, P., Maia, A. L., Rivkees, S. A., Samuels, M., Sosa, J. A., Stan, M. N., et al. (2016) · Thyroid® · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0229 · Cited by 2,938
“Once it has been established that the patient is hyperthyroid and the cause is GD, the patient and physician must choose between three effective and relatively safe initial treatment options: RAI therapy, ATDs, or thyroidectomy (59).”
BackgroundThyroid hormone and the cardiovascular system.
Klein, I., & Ojamaa, K. (2001) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejm200102153440707 · Cited by 2,300
Self-citationKlein, I., & Danzi, S. (2007) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/circulationaha.106.678326 · Cited by 1,324
Self-citationBahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., Rivkees, S. A., et al. (2011) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.17.3.456 · Cited by 1,098
“This can be accomplished equally well by either administering a fixed activity or by calculating the activity based on the size of the thyroid and its ability to trap iodine (44).”
BackgroundInfluentialThe American Thyroid Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists Taskforce on Hyperthyroidism and Other Causes of Thyrotoxicosis, Bahn, R. S., Burch, H. B., Cooper, D. S., Garber, J. R., Greenlee, M. C., Klein, I., Laurberg, P., McDougall, I. R., Montori, V. M., et al. (2011) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2010.0417 · Cited by 898
Self-citationCardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., & Salpeter, E. E. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003566.pub2 · Cited by 380
Cancer Mortality Following Treatment for Adult Hyperthyroidism
Ron, E. (1998) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.280.4.347 · Cited by 377
Thyroid Hormone Metabolism and Thyroid Diseases in Chronic Renal Failure
Kaptein, E. M. (1996) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/edrv-17-1-45 · Cited by 294
Cardioselective β-Blockers in Patients with Reactive Airway Disease
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., & Salpeter, E. E. (2002) · Annals of Internal Medicine · doi:10.7326/0003-4819-137-9-200211050-00035 · Cited by 262
Thyroid Diseases and Cerebrovascular Disease
Squizzato, A., Gerdes, V. E. A., Brandjes, D. P. M., Büller, H. R., & Stam, J. (2005) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/01.str.0000181772.78492.07 · Cited by 236
Klein, I., & Danzi, S. (2016) · Current Problems in Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2015.04.002 · Cited by 218
Self-citationThyroid Hormone and the Cardiovascular System
Danzi, S. E., & Klein, I. L. (2012) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.01.006 · Cited by 172
Self-citationFadel, B. M., Ellahham, S. H., Lindsay, J. M., Ringel, M. D., Wartofsky, L., & Burman, K. D. (2000) · Clinical Cardiology · doi:10.1002/clc.4960230605 · Cited by 169
Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a meta-analysis
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., Salpeter, E. E., Poole, P., & Cates, C. J. (2003) · Respiratory Medicine · doi:10.1016/s0954-6111(03)00168-9 · Cited by 144
Klein, I. L., & Ojamaa, K. (1998) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70297-8 · Cited by 139
Self-citationAutoimmune Thyroid Diseases in Children
Cappa, M., Bizzarri, C., & Crea, F. (2010) · Journal of Thyroid Research · doi:10.4061/2011/675703 · Cited by 134
“One report described a lower frequency of recurrence with this approach [88].”
BackgroundLong-Term Antithyroid Drug Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Azizi, F., & Malboosbaf, R. (2017) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2016.0652 · Cited by 114
“In earlier studies from the United States, about 20–30% of patients were reported to have a lasting remission after 12–18 months of medication (46).”
Cardioselective beta-blockers for reversible airway disease
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., Salpeter, E. E., & Wood-Baker, R. R. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002992 · Cited by 116
Adverse Effects of Thyroid Hormone Preparations and Antithyroid Drugs
Bartalena, L., Bogazzi, F., & Martino, E. (1996) · Drug Safety · doi:10.2165/00002018-199615010-00004 · Cited by 108
Thyrotoxicosis: Diagnosis and Management
Sharma, A. R., & Stan, M. N. (2019) · Mayo Clinic Proceedings · doi:10.1016/j.mayocp.2018.10.011 · Cited by 116
Cardioselective beta-blockers for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Salpeter, S. R., Ormiston, T. M., Salpeter, E. E., Poole, P., & Cates, C. J. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd003566 · Cited by 97
Chandrashekara, S. (2012) · Indian Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.4103/0253-7613.103235 · Cited by 91
“[34] In the circumstances of deficit prompt replacement of the deficient hormone or possible substrate would improve the patient.”
Thyroid-Stimulating Antibodies Predict Hyperthyroidisma
Davies, T. F. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5056-1 · Cited by 105
Thyroid hormone and heart failure
Schmidt-Ott, U., & Ascheim, D. D. (2006) · Current Heart Failure Reports · doi:10.1007/s11897-006-0010-1 · Cited by 85
Moon, J. H., & Yi, K. H. (2013) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2013.28.4.275 · Cited by 79
Mulder, J. E. (1998) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0025-7125(05)70596-4 · Cited by 87
Management of Fetal and Neonatal Graves' Disease
Léger, J. (2016) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000453065 · Cited by 82
de Jong, J. A. F., Verkooijen, H. M., Valk, G. D., ZELISSEN, P. M. J., & de Keizer, B. (2013) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0b013e3182817c78 · Cited by 69
Klein, L., & Ojamaa, K. (2000) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(00)02601-5 · Cited by 53
When the storm passes unnoticed—A case series of thyroid storm
Ngo, S. Y. A., & Chew, H. C. (2007) · Resuscitation · doi:10.1016/j.resuscitation.2006.10.003 · Cited by 49
Atrial fibrillation and hyperthyroidism.
Jayaprasad, N., & Francis, J. (2005) · PubMed · Cited by 49
Medical Therapy of Graves' Disease: Does Thyroxine Prevent Recurrence of Hyperthyroidism?
Lucas, A., Salinas, I., Rius, F., Pizarro, E., Granada, M., Foz, M., & Sanmartı́, A. (1997) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.82.8.4118 · Cited by 61
Rambaldi, A., & Gluud, C. N. (2001) · Liver International · doi:10.1034/j.1600-0676.2001.210606.x · Cited by 45
Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease
Fede, G., Germani, G., Gluud, C. N., Gurusamy, K. S., & Burroughs, A. K. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002800.pub3 · Cited by 45
Total Thyroidectomy for Graves' Disease: Compliance with ATA Guidelines may not Always be Necessary
Shinall, M. C., Broome, J. T., Nookala, R., Shinall, J., Kiernan, C., Parks, L., & Solórzano, C. (2013) · Surgery · doi:10.1016/j.surg.2013.04.064 · Cited by 38
“Age, yrs, mean ± SD 43 ± 14 Sex Male 37 (22) Female 128 (78) BMI status* Underweight 8 (5) Normal weight 45 (29) Overweight 46 (27) Obese 56 (36) History of Graves’ ophthalmopathy 65 (39) Smoker 53 (32) Preoperative medications Methimazole 133 (81) PTU 23 (14) KI 3 (2) Steroids 15 (9) Beta blockers 92 (57) Thyroid hor…”
Effect of Subtotal Thyroidectomy on Natural History of Ophthalmopathy in Graves’ Disease
Abe, Y., Sato, H., Noguchi, M., Mimura, T., Sugino, K., Ozaki, O., Yoshimura, H., & Ito, K. (1998) · World Journal of Surgery · doi:10.1007/s002689900458 · Cited by 37
“thyroidism than euthyroidism [19].”
Iodine-131 uptake and turnover rate vary over short intervals in Gravesʼ disease
van Isselt, J. W., de Klerk, J. M. H., Koppeschaar, H. P. F., & van Rijk, P. P. (2000) · Nuclear Medicine Communications · doi:10.1097/00006231-200007000-00002 · Cited by 36
Thyroid hormone metabolism and thyroid diseases in chronic renal failure
Kaptein, E. M. (1996) · Endocrine Reviews · doi:10.1210/er.17.1.45 · Cited by 35
Park, S. Y., Kim, B. H., Kim, M., Hong, A. R., Park, J. T., Park, H., Choi, M. S., Kim, T. H., Kim, S. W., Kang, H., et al. (2021) · Endocrine · doi:10.1007/s12020-021-02725-x · Cited by 34
The Diagnosis and Management of Hyperthyroidism Consensus - Report of the Korean Thyroid Association
Yi, K. H., Moon, J. H., Kim, I.-J., Bom, H.-S., Lee, J., Chung, W. Y., Chung, J. H., & Shong, Y. K. (2013) · Journal of Korean Thyroid Association · doi:10.11106/jkta.2013.6.1.1 · Cited by 32
Effects of oral propylthiouracil treatment on nitric oxide production in rat aorta
Grieve, D., Fletcher, S., Pitsillides, A. A., et al. (1999) · British Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.bjp.0702501 · Cited by 32
“Propylthiouracil (PTU) is used routinely in the treatment of hyperthyroidism, a common endocrine condition, which may result from various disorders of the thyroid gland, the most prevalent of which is Graves disease (Klein et al., 1994).”
BackgroundAntithyroid Drug Treatment in Graves’ Disease
Chung, J. H. (2021) · Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.3803/enm.2021.1070 · Cited by 29
“In the United States, the remission rate was 20% to 30% after ATD treatment for 12 to 18 months, whereas that in Europe was 50% to 60% for 5 to 6 years of use [38,39].”
BackgroundSerum 25-hydroxyvitamin D might be an independent prognostic factor for Graves disease recurrence
Ahn, H. Y., Chung, Y. J., & Cho, B. Y. (2017) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000007700 · Cited by 24
“Radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, thyroidectomy, and antithyroid drugs (ATDs) have been shown to be effective and relatively safe for the initial treatment of Graves disease.([13]) The results of a 2011 survey suggested that in the United States, 59.”
BackgroundCipolla, C., Graceffa, G., Calamia, S., Fiorentino, E., Pantuso, G., Vieni, S., & Latteri, M. A. (2019) · Journal of Clinical & Translational Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.jcte.2019.100183 · Cited by 31
“Remission rates in patients treated with ATDs range from 14% to 80% [1].”
BackgroundKlein, I. L., & Danzi, S. E. (2003) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/10507250360731523 · Cited by 23
“The signs and symptoms of hyperthyroidism and the treatment thereof are also well known (13–15).”
Self-citationSurgical Treatment of Hyperthyroidism Can Be Performed Safely Before a Euthyroid State is Achieved
Fazendin, J. M., Zmijewski, P. V., Allahwasaya, A., McLeod, C., Akhund, R., Gillis, A., Ramonell, K. M., Porterfield, J. R., Chen, H., & Lindeman, B. M. (2023) · Thyroid · doi:10.1089/thy.2022.0392 · Cited by 22
Hyperthyroidism and the heart.
Panagoulis, C., Halapas, A., Chariatis, E., et al. (2008) · PubMed · Cited by 21
Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease
Rambaldi, A., & Gluud, C. N. (2005) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002800.pub2 · Cited by 19
Jin, M., Jang, A., Kim, C. A., Kim, T. Y., Kim, W. B., Shong, Y. K., Jeon, M. J., & Kim, W. G. (2023) · European Thyroid Journal · doi:10.1530/etj-22-0226 · Cited by 19
“The remission rate following ATD treatment varies across several previous studies (4, 8, 27, 28, 29).”
Targeting thyroid diseases with TSH receptor analogs
Galofré, J. C., Oreja, A. C., & Latif, R. (2013) · Endocrinología y Nutrición · doi:10.1016/j.endonu.2012.12.008 · Cited by 18
“On top of that, in some series the number of relapses after pharmacological therapy increases up to 80%.(22) Unfortunately, reliable markers for predict individual patient’s response to antithyroid drugs are lacking and similarly there are no consistent clues that foretell which patient will relapse.”
BackgroundSerum TSH and the response to radioiodine treatment of toxic multinodular goitre
Pedersen‐Bjergaard, U., & KIRKEGAARD, C. (1997) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1370365 · Cited by 18
DISEASE STAGING: Clinical Criteria
Gonnella, J. S. (2003) · Cited by 18
Propylthiouracil for alcoholic liver disease
Rambaldi, A., & Gluud, C. N. (2001) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002800 · Cited by 18
Seigel, S. C., & Hodak, S. P. (2012) · Medical Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.mcna.2012.01.016 · Cited by 20
“Adrenergic signs and symptoms such as tremor, tachycardia, systolic hypertension, nervousness, and anxiety also rapidly respond to b-adrenergic blockade.(31) For definitive therapy, patients with overt Graves hyperthyroidism should be treated with antithyroid medication (antithyroid drugs [ATDs]), I 131 ablation, or t…”
BackgroundXie, P., Shen, L., Peng, R., Wang, Y., Yin, Q., Chen, X., Zhou, J., Ning, G., Wang, W., Wang, S., et al. (2024) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/clinem/dgae472 · Cited by 15
CLINICAL, METABOLIC, AND ORGAN-SPECIFIC INDICES OF THYROID FUNCTION
Klein, I. L. (2001) · Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0889-8529(05)70193-6 · Cited by 15
Self-citationValuable predictive features of relapse of Graves’ disease after antithyroid drug treatment
Liu, X., Shi, B., & Li, H. (2015) · Annales d Endocrinologie · doi:10.1016/j.ando.2015.08.004 · Cited by 16
Tatham, L. M., Bove, F., Kaye, W., & Spengler, R. F. (2002) · International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health · doi:10.1078/1438-4639-00128 · Cited by 15
Thyrotoxic atrial fibrillation.
Parmar, M. S. (1982) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.285.6354.1574 · Cited by 14
Juan Ramón Soto, S., & P., B. S. M. V. (2015) · Revista Médica Clínica Las Condes · doi:10.1016/j.rmclc.2015.04.007 · Cited by 13
Therapeutic Effect of Scutellaria baicalensis on L-Thyroxine-Induced Hyperthyroidism Rats
Kim, M., & Lee, B.-C. (2019) · Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine · doi:10.1155/2019/3239649 · Cited by 13
“Instead, methods of destroying or removing thyroid tissue by radioactive iodine or surgery, or using a drug that restrains the production and distribution of thyroid hormones are used to maintain normal thyroid function [6].”
MethodFully automated computer-aided volume estimation system for thyroid planar scintigraphy
Huang, J.-Y., Lin, K., & Chen, Y. (2013) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2013.07.006 · Cited by 11
“Radioiodine therapy is recognized as the safest, simplest, least expensive and most convenient form of treatment for adults with uncomplicated hyperthyroidism [1-4].”
BackgroundRecent review on medical treatment of thyroid disease
Park, K. H., & Lee, E. J. (2012) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2012.55.12.1207 · Cited by 10
“미국은 관해 율이 20-30%로 낮은 편이나[7], 유럽과 일본에서는 미국보 다 좀 더 높아서 약 중단 5-6년 이후에도 50-60%의 환자에 서 관해를 보인다[8].”
Haddad, G. (1998) · Postgraduate Medicine · doi:10.3810/pgm.1998.07.530 · Cited by 9
Use of Cold Iodine in Patients With Graves’ Disease: Observations From a Clinical Practice
Hao, S. T., Reasner, C. A., & Becker, R. A. (2001) · Endocrine Practice · doi:10.4158/ep.7.6.438 · Cited by 7
Assessment of the Adequacy of Thyroid Hormone Replacement Therapy in Hypothyroidism
Brokhin, M., Danzi, S. E., & Klein, I. L. (2019) · Frontiers in Endocrinology · doi:10.3389/fendo.2019.00631 · Cited by 8
Self-citationThe prognostic value of thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin in the management of Graves’ disease
Zhou, Y., Zhou, M., Qi, Y., Wang, W., Chen, X., & Wang, S. (2021) · Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.1177/20420188211044943 · Cited by 8
“Three effective treatment options are available for GD patients, including RAI therapy, anti-thyroid drugs (ATDs), and thyroidectomy [9].”
BackgroundZhu, J.-E., Zhang, H., Yu, S.-Y., & Xu, H. (2021) · Clinical Hemorheology and Microcirculation · doi:10.3233/ch-211180 · Cited by 7
“(cid:2) -blockers for tachycardia and sedative drugs for insomnia can be used if necessary for patients [27].”
Association between serum vitamin D level and Graves’ disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Pang, B., Li, L., Liu, X., et al. (2024) · Nutrition Journal · doi:10.1186/s12937-024-00960-2 · Cited by 7
“Current treat-ment options for GD are limited to radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy, antithyroid drugs (ATDs), and thyroidectomy [5].”
BackgroundThyrotoxicosis in Pregnancy Presenting as Pancytopenia
Ladwig, P., Coles, R., Fischer, E., et al. (1995) · Australian and New Zealand Journal of Obstetrics and Gynaecology · doi:10.1111/j.1479-828x.1995.tb02168.x · Cited by 7
Pedersen‐Bjergaard, U., & KIRKEGAARD, C. (1998) · European Journal of Endocrinology · doi:10.1530/eje.0.1390587 · Cited by 7
Tratamiento del hipertiroidismo por Enfermedad de Graves en pacientes adultos no embarazadas
Ana Fadel, A., Gutiérrez, S., Novelli, J. L., Orlandi, A. M., Parma, R., Croome, M. D. C. S., Chebel, G., Guardia, M., Guido, P., Gilligan, M., et al. (2013) · Revista Argentina de Endocrinología y Metabolismo · Cited by 6
Clinical outcomes of atrial fibrillation with hyperthyroidism
Khan, M. Z., Gupta, A., Hodge, J., Patel, K., Patel, K., Zarak, M. S., Franklin, S. M., Patel, H., JESANI, S. H., Savani, S., et al. (2021) · Journal of Arrhythmia · doi:10.1002/joa3.12550 · Cited by 6
Outcome of thyrotoxicosis treatment with 3 different modalities
Qari, F. A., Naser, T. A., Hashim, I. M., et al. (2001) · Saudi Medical Journal · doi:10.15537/1658-3175.1521 · Cited by 6
ENDOCRINE DISORDERS AND TUMORS
Bae, J.-O., & Skinner, M. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6127-4.00078-1 · Cited by 5
Roti, E., Braverman, L. E., & DeGroot, L. J. (1998) · The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism · doi:10.1210/jcem.83.11.5056-2 · Cited by 5
Thyrotoxic Periodic Paralysis in Chinese Patients
Long, W., & Lin, Y. (2013) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1097/rlu.0b013e3182817c31 · Cited by 4
“For TPP patients, prompt control of thyroid function is necessary because paralysis attacks recur frequently until thyrotoxicosis is fully controlled.(6,7,18,19) This impairs patients’ quality of life and can be life-threatening.”
BackgroundPHARMACOLOGIC MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH DISEASES OF THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
Sherman, R. G., & Lasseter, D. H. (1996) · Dental Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0011-8532(22)00133-1 · Cited by 4
Consenso de Fibrilación Auricular
Elizari, M. V. (2005) · Redalyc (Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México) · Cited by 4
Risk Factors and Clinical Manifestations in Hyperthyroidism: Case Report
Anidha, Y., Ayu, W. C., Sari, N. M. W., & Nadhiroh, S. R. (2023) · Amerta Nutrition · doi:10.20473/amnt.v7i2sp.2023.344-351 · Cited by 4
Dosage assessment for radioiodine therapy in benign thyroid disorders
van Isselt, J. W. (2001) · Cited by 3
MANAGEMENT OF THE PATIENT WITH THYROID DISEASE
Streff, M. M., & Pachucki-Hyde, L. C. (1996) · Nursing Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/s0029-6465(22)00187-6 · Cited by 3
Camps, M. G. M. (1996) · The Netherlands Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/0300-2977(96)00037-x · Cited by 2
Muleta, F., & Kibatu, G. (2016) · Journals & Books Hosting (International Knowledge Sharing Platform) · Cited by 2
Sim, S. Y., Lethem, C., & Coppini, D. (2018) · Endocrinology Diabetes & Metabolism · doi:10.1002/edm2.46 · Cited by 2
Radioiodine Therapy for Benign Thyroid Disease
Clarke, S. E. (2008) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-540-28026-2_21 · Cited by 2
Oncology and nuclear medicine: a developing collaboration
Duchesne, G. M. (1995) · European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging · doi:10.1007/bf00801604 · Cited by 2
Hipertiroidismo durante el embarazo: enfoque y manejo
Ochoa, O. R. (2001) · Revista Colombiana de Obstetricia y Ginecología · doi:10.18597/rcog.716 · Cited by 1
Luk, A. C., Ezzat, S., & BUTANY, J. W. (2013) · Seminars in Diagnostic Pathology · doi:10.1053/j.semdp.2013.06.008 · Cited by 3
Patología tiroidea en atención primaria
González, A. L., Vázquez, Á. N., Carballido, F. C., Gómez, N. G., Rodríguez, M. L., & Carro, M. C. (2016) · FMC - Formación Médica Continuada en Atención Primaria · doi:10.1016/j.fmc.2015.12.012 · Cited by 1
Stanić, Z. D. (2018) · International Journal of Electrochemical Science · doi:10.20964/2018.11.74 · Cited by 1
Clarke, S. E. (1998) · Clinical Nuclear Medicine · doi:10.1007/978-1-4899-3356-0_2 · Cited by 1
Thionamide Associated Agranulocytosis: Low Incidence with Low Doses of Methimazole
Bahrami, A. (2006) · Cited by 1
Treatment of relapsed hyperthyroidism
Chung, J. H. (2018) · Journal of Korean Medical Association · doi:10.5124/jkma.2018.61.4.248 · Cited by 1
“2가지 방법의 치료효 과는 동일하다고 하나, 실제적으로 두 번째 방법은 사용하는 데에 제한점이 있다[9].”
Graves' Disease in Men's Subjects
Diédhiou, D. (2018) · Human Endocrinology · doi:10.24966/he-9640/100012 · Cited by 1
“In the USA, remissions in 20 to 30% were reported after 12 to 18 months of medication [32].”
BackgroundDjiba, B., Demba, D., Sow, D., Assane, N. M., Mané, D. I., Limane, B. A., Mariama, K.-C., Anna, S., & Maimouna, N.-M. (2020) · Open Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.4236/ojim.2020.102017 · Cited by 1
“In the US, remission rates from 20% to 30% were reported after 12 to 18 months of medical treatment [27].”
BackgroundAbou-auda, H. S., & Abou-Shaaban, R. R. A. (2015) · Cited by 1
Topliss, D. J. (1995) · The Medical Journal of Australia · doi:10.5694/j.1326-5377.1995.tb126122.x · Cited by 1
Der alte Mensch mit Morbus Bechterew
Halder, W. (2005) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-211-26646-1_20 · Cited by 1
Huang, S. A. (2013) · Humana Press eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-395-4_16
Metadata
- Authors
- Klein, I., Becker, D. V., & Levey, G. S.
- Affiliations
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Klein, Irwin
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 1994-08-15
- Volume
- 121
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 281-288
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2090730711
- Cited by
- 120
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 5 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Thyroid Disorders and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Surgery › Thyroid and Parathyroid Surgery
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Ophthalmology › Ophthalmology and Eye Disorders
- Keywords
- hyperthyroidism, Graves' disease, thyrotoxicosis, radioiodine therapy, propylthiouracil, thyroxine, beta-adrenergic blockade, antithyroid drugs
- MeSH terms
- Graves Disease, Humans, Hyperthyroidism, Palliative Care
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
