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Should Health Care Demand Interpretable Artificial Intelligence or Accept “Black Box” Medicine?
Abstract
Health care applications of artificial intelligence (AI) have recently emerged. Artificial intelligence approaches, such as deep learning, rely on vast amounts of data and complex model structures ...
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“thus, the development of such models requires the active involvement of clinicians (10).”
From Accessing Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision-Making (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Subsequently, this black-box phenomena (10) will be difficult for physicians to trust, and it will also be a challenge for the doctor-patient relationship since many physicians will find themselves unable to explain the diagnosis, prediction, or therapy (59).”
From Accessing Artificial Intelligence for Clinical Decision-Making (2021) · cites this paper as [10]
In the citing paper
“Visualization techniques are often performed to construct qualitative clusters of patient cohorts to provide an intuitive interpretation of the learned representations [102].”
From Deep representation learning of patient data from Electronic Health Records (EHR): A systematic review (2021) · cites this paper as [102]
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Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health records
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“intelligence (AI), such as detection of atrial fibrillation from electrocardiography, retinopathy from optical coherence tomography, and in-hospital mortality risk from electronic health records, have emerged (1–3).”
BackgroundClinically applicable deep learning for diagnosis and referral in retinal disease
De Fauw, J., Ledsam, J. R., Romera-Paredes, B., Nikolov, S., Tomasev, N., Blackwell, S., Askham, H., Glorot, X., O’Donoghue, B., Visentin, D., et al. (2018) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41591-018-0107-6 · Cited by 2,639
Scalable and accurate deep learning with electronic health records.
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Self-citationSleptsova, E. E., Vershinina, O., Ivanchenko, M., & Turubanova, V. D. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27020667 · Cited by 1
Metadata
- Authors
- Wang, F., Kaushal, R., & Khullar, D.
- Affiliations
- Weill Cornell Medicine (US)
- NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital (US)
- Venue
- Annals of Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American College of Physicians
- Published
- 2020-01-07
- Volume
- 172
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 59-60
- ISSN
- 0003-4819 (ISSN-L)
- 1539-3704
- OpenAlex
- W2995109209
- Cited by
- 244
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 38 · 2023: 59 · 2022: 32 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 30
- FWCI
- 11.06
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annals of Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI)
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Health Informatics › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare and Education
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Health Information Management › Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare
- Keywords
- explainable AI, black-box models, health care demand, deep learning, model interpretability, algorithmic transparency, healthcare decision-making
- MeSH terms
- Artificial Intelligence, Delivery of Health Care, Humans, Models, Statistical
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