The DOI matches its Crossref record; 60 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Mortality Rates in Patients With Anorexia Nervosa and Other Eating Disorders: A Meta-analysis of 36 Studies
Open accessAbstract
CONTEXT: Morbidity and mortality rates in patients with eating disorders are thought to be high, but exact rates remain to be clarified. OBJECTIVE: To systematically compile and analyze the mortality rates in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), and eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). DATA SOURCES: A systematic literature search, appraisal, and meta-analysis were conducted of the MEDLINE/PubMed, PsycINFO, and Embase databases and 4 full-text collections (ie, ScienceDirect, Ingenta Select, Ovid, and Wiley-Blackwell Interscience). STUDY SELECTION: English-language, peer-reviewed articles published between January 1, 1966, and September 30, 2010, that reported mortality rates in patients with eating disorders. DATA EXTRACTION: Primary data were extracted as raw numbers or confidence intervals and corrected for years of observation and sample size (ie, person-years of observation). Weighted proportion meta-analysis was used to adjust for study size using the DerSimonian-Laird model to allow for heterogeneity inclusion in the analysis. DATA SYNTHESIS: From 143 potentially relevant articles, we found 36 quantitative studies with sufficient data for extraction. The studies reported outcomes of AN during 166 642 person-years, BN during 32 798 person-years, and EDNOS during 22 644 person-years. The weighted mortality rates (ie, deaths per 1000 person-years) were 5.1 for AN, 1.7 for BN, and 3.3 for EDNOS. The standardized mortality ratios were 5.86 for AN, 1.93 for BN, and 1.92 for EDNOS. One in 5 individuals with AN who died had committed suicide. CONCLUSIONS: Individuals with eating disorders have significantly elevated mortality rates, with the highest rates occurring in those with AN. The mortality rates for BN and EDNOS are similar. The study found age at assessment to be a significant predictor of mortality for patients with AN. Further research is needed to identify predictors of mortality in patients with BN and EDNOS.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“due to the high mortality, poor treatment outcomes, and lack of empirically supported treatment options for this population (Arcelus, 2011)”
From Are within- and between-session changes in distress associated with treatment outcomes? Findings from two clinical trials of exposure for eating disorders (2024) · cites this paper as Arcelus, 2011
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“as AN has high mortality [5].”
From Terminal anorexia nervosa is a dangerous term: it cannot, and should not, be defined (2022) · cites this paper as [5]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
American Psychiatric Association (2013) · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596 · Cited by 116,369
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
Williams, J. B. W., & First, M. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780199975839.013.104 · Cited by 109,845
Statistical Aspects of the Analysis of Data From Retrospective Studies of Disease
(1959) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/22.4.719 · Cited by 14,689 · cited 1×
“Mantel-Haenszel pooled risk ratios were estimated, with a 2 test for heterogeneity (I(2)) used to assess between-study differences in effect.(17) Random-effects models were fitted if heterogeneity existed, and risk ratios were presented as a forest plot.”
MethodMeta-analysis: Principles and procedures
Egger, M., Smith, G. D., & Phillips, A. N. (1997) · BMJ · doi:10.1136/bmj.315.7121.1533 · Cited by 2,415
The outcome of anorexia nervosa in the 20th century
Steinhausen, H.-C. (2002) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.159.8.1284 · Cited by 1,761
Review of the prevalence and incidence of eating disorders
Hoek, H. W., & van Hoeken, D. (2003) · International Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1002/eat.10222 · Cited by 1,464
International Journal of Eating Disorders
(2006) · doi:10.1002/(issn)1098-108x · Cited by 1,147
Excess Mortality in Bipolar and Unipolar Disorder in Sweden
Ösby, U., Brandt, L., Correia, N., Ekbom, A., & Sparén, P. (2001) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.58.9.844 · Cited by 1,120
Mortality and causes of death in schizophrenia in Stockholm County, Sweden
Ösby, U., Correia, N., Brandt, L., Ekbom, A., & Sparén, P. (2000) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(99)00191-7 · Cited by 679
Increased mortality in bulimia nervosa and other eating disorders.
Crow, S. J., Peterson, C. B., Swanson, S. A., Raymond, N. C., Specker, S., Eckert, E. D., & Mitchell, J. E. (2009) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2009.09020247 · Cited by 633
Research works printed but not linked: 2
- Crow, 1999, Mortality from eating disorders: a 5- to 10-year record linkage study., Int J Eat Disord, 26, 97, 10.1002/(ISSN)1098-108X · DOI · Paper page
- World Health Organization, 1992, International Statistical Classification of Diseases, 10th Revision (ICD-10)
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 1,001–1,008 of 1,008
Denning, D. M., Perry, T. R., Reilly, E. E., Berner, L. A., Velkoff, E. A., Kaye, W. H., Wierenga, C. E., & Brown, T. A. (2022) · Suicide and Life-Threatening Behavior · doi:10.1111/sltb.12907 · Cited by 14
Inhibitory Learning during Exposure Treatment in Anorexia Nervosa: A Practical Guide
Melles, H., Duijvis, S., & Jansen, A. (2023) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs13050370 · Cited by 11
Self-admission in the treatment of eating disorders: an analysis of healthcare resource reallocation
Strand, M., Bulik, C. M., Gustafsson, S. A., & Welch, E. (2021) · BMC Health Services Research · doi:10.1186/s12913-021-06478-1 · Cited by 10
Arrom-Llabrés, M., Mendoza-Medialdea, M. T., & Gutiérrez-Maldonado, J. (2025) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app15063334 · Cited by 5
Anxiety matters: a pilot lab study into food, weight, and virtual body exposure in anorexia nervosa
Melles, H., & Jansen, A. (2024) · Journal of Eating Disorders · doi:10.1186/s40337-024-01094-w · Cited by 5
Addressing altered anticipation as a transdiagnostic target through computational psychiatry
Sepúlveda, P., Aitsahalia, I., Kumar, K., Atkin, T., & Iigaya, K. (2025) · Biological Psychiatry Cognitive Neuroscience and Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.bpsc.2025.02.014 · Cited by 3
Butler, R. M., Christian, C., Girard, J. M., Vanzhula, I. A., & Levinson, C. A. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104577 · Cited by 1
Chapter 12. Eating Disorders and Physician-Assisted Death
Komrad, M., & Hanson, A. (2020) · Tipping the Scales: Ethical and Legal Dilemmas in Managing Severe Eating Disorders · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9781615379743.lg12
Metadata
- Authors
- Arcelus, J., Mitchell, A. J., Wales, J., & Nielsen, S.
- Affiliations
- Loughborough University (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Arcelus, Jon
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2011-07-01
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 724
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2093980670
- Cited by
- 2,864
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 185 · 2025: 251 · 2024: 284 · 2023: 230 · 2022: 268 · 2021: 346 · 2020: 241 · 2019: 181 · 2018: 159 · 2017: 173 · 2016: 130 · 2015: 146 · 2014: 116 · 2013: 102 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 12.93
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Eating Disorders and Behaviors
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Nutrition, Health and Food Behavior
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Suicide and Self-Harm Studies
- Keywords
- anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, eating disorder not otherwise specified, eating disorders, mortality rates, standardized mortality ratio, suicide, mortality risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Anorexia Nervosa, Feeding and Eating Disorders, Female, Humans, Male, Sex Factors, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
