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Amygdala Volume in Combat-Exposed Veterans With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study
Abstract
CONTEXT: Data from animal models demonstrate a link between stress exposure and hypertrophic changes in the amygdala; however, studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have failed to find analogous structural alterations. OBJECTIVES: To compare amygdala volumes between a sample of combat veterans with and without PTSD (analysis 1) and examine whether our observation of larger amygdala volume in individuals with PTSD could be accounted for by the presence of trauma exposure in childhood and the severity of combat exposure in adulthood (analysis 2). DESIGN: Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System Inpatient Trauma Recovery Program and Veterans Affairs New England Health Care System Outpatient PTSD program. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-nine combat-exposed veterans from the Vietnam Conflict or the Persian Gulf War who had been exposed to substantial military operational stress. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amygdala volume adjusted for total cerebral volume, Life Events Checklist, and the Combat Exposure Scale. RESULTS: Analysis 1 indicated that combat-exposed individuals with PTSD exhibited larger total amygdala volume compared with their non-PTSD counterparts (99 individuals, P = .047). Analysis 2 indicated that greater severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .02), as well as the interaction between the presence of early life trauma and the severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .008), were significantly associated with smaller total amygdala volume. The PTSD diagnosis continued to explain larger amygdala volume (87 individuals, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with enlarged amygdala volume, above the variance accounted for by a history of early life trauma and severity of adult trauma exposure. The discrepancy between our and prior findings may be explained by variability in these trauma indices in previous investigations. These findings support additional study of amygdala structure in human stress disorders and further delineation of the role of early and adult trauma on associated neurologic changes.
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“Kuo et al. (2012) in their sample consisting of veterans with PTSD, showed increased total amygdala volumes compared to the control group consisting of veterans without PTSD”
From Neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder – Focus on amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Kuo et al. (2012)
In the citing paper
“Smaller amygdala volume MRI: Kuo et al. (2012); Morey et al. (2012)”
From Neuroimaging research in posttraumatic stress disorder – Focus on amygdala, hippocampus and prefrontal cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Kuo et al. (2012)
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kuo, J. R., Kaloupek, D. G., & Woodward, S. H.
- Affiliations
- Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Kuo, Janice R.
- Venue
- Archives of General Psychiatry
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2012-10-01
- Volume
- 69
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1080
- ISSN
- 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2095724073
- Cited by
- 136
- References
- 39
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 12.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Keywords
- amygdala volume, post-traumatic stress disorder, combat veterans, combat exposure, early trauma, childhood trauma, Vietnam War veterans, Gulf War veterans
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Amygdala, California, Combat Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, New England, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Vietnam Conflict, Gulf War
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