Cited by 136Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ResearchStress Responses and CortisolChild Abuse and Trauma

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Amygdala Volume in Combat-Exposed Veterans With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study

Kuo, Janice R., Kaloupek, Danny G., Woodward, Steven H.·2012·Archives of General Psychiatry

DOI 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.73

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Abstract

CONTEXT: Data from animal models demonstrate a link between stress exposure and hypertrophic changes in the amygdala; however, studies of adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) have failed to find analogous structural alterations. OBJECTIVES: To compare amygdala volumes between a sample of combat veterans with and without PTSD (analysis 1) and examine whether our observation of larger amygdala volume in individuals with PTSD could be accounted for by the presence of trauma exposure in childhood and the severity of combat exposure in adulthood (analysis 2). DESIGN: Cross-sectional magnetic resonance imaging. SETTING: Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System Inpatient Trauma Recovery Program and Veterans Affairs New England Health Care System Outpatient PTSD program. PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-nine combat-exposed veterans from the Vietnam Conflict or the Persian Gulf War who had been exposed to substantial military operational stress. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Amygdala volume adjusted for total cerebral volume, Life Events Checklist, and the Combat Exposure Scale. RESULTS: Analysis 1 indicated that combat-exposed individuals with PTSD exhibited larger total amygdala volume compared with their non-PTSD counterparts (99 individuals, P = .047). Analysis 2 indicated that greater severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .02), as well as the interaction between the presence of early life trauma and the severity of combat exposure (87 individuals, P = .008), were significantly associated with smaller total amygdala volume. The PTSD diagnosis continued to explain larger amygdala volume (87 individuals, P = .006). CONCLUSIONS: Posttraumatic stress disorder is associated with enlarged amygdala volume, above the variance accounted for by a history of early life trauma and severity of adult trauma exposure. The discrepancy between our and prior findings may be explained by variability in these trauma indices in previous investigations. These findings support additional study of amygdala structure in human stress disorders and further delineation of the role of early and adult trauma on associated neurologic changes.

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Authors: Kuo, J. R., Kaloupek, D. G., & Woodward, S. H.
Affiliations: Toronto Metropolitan University (CA)
Corresponding author: Kuo, Janice R.
ORCID: Kuo, Janice R.
Kaloupek, Danny G.
Woodward, Steven H.
Venue: Archives of General Psychiatry
Publisher: American Medical Association (AMA)
Published: 2012-10-01
Volume: 69
Issue: 10
Pages: 1080
ISSN: 0003-990X (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2012.73
OpenAlex: W2095724073
Cited by: 136
References: 39
Citations by year: 2026: 5 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 14 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9
FWCI: 12.34
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Archives of General Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
Keywords: amygdala volume, post-traumatic stress disorder, combat veterans, combat exposure, early trauma, childhood trauma, Vietnam War veterans, Gulf War veterans
MeSH terms: Adult, Amygdala, California, Combat Disorders, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, New England, Severity of Illness Index, Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic, United States, United States Department of Veterans Affairs, Veterans, Vietnam Conflict, Gulf War

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Amygdala Volume in Combat-Exposed Veterans With and Without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Cross-sectional Study

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